Radiologic Features of Rheumatoid Arthritis Interstitial Lung Disease at Chest High Resolution Computed Tomography

Lung involvement is one of the most frequent extra-articular involvements of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA-related lung involvement can affect parenchyma, airway, vascular tree and serosa. Among all possible manifestations of lung disease, interstitial lung disease is the most severe being able to compromise quality of life and survival and involves about 20% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

However, chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) features of RA, with or without interstitial lung involvement, have not been clearly defined. Such features have been mostly investigated on small populations of RA patients, often including patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs), namely systemic sclerosis, mixed connective tissue disease, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, making difficult to discriminate possible specific features of RA-interstitial lung disease (ILD).

This observational longitudinal study aims to investigate:

• Chest HRCT features of RA-ILD (frequency of radiologic HRCT patterns, fibrosis, nodules, bronchiectasis, etc). Possible findings specific for RA independently from ILD will be also analysed.
• Possible associations between chest HRCT features and demographic, clinical and serologic characteristics of RA.
• Specific chest HRCT features of RA-ILD, compared to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and CTD-ILD (i.e., primary Sjogren syndrome, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, etc) according to the Centres availability.

All consecutive RA patients, older than 18 and able to understand the aims of the study and undergoing HRCT for clinical needs will be enrolled in the study.

Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other CTDs undergoing to HRCT will be enrolled as control groups Patients younger than 18 and unable to give their informed consent will be excluded from the study

Consecutive, unselected, DICOM files of chest HRCT of RA patients (regardless a previous diagnosis of ILD) will be evaluated by an expert thoracic radiologist blinded to patients' clinical history. The DICOM images will be anonymized, coded and sent to the coordinating centre by transfer to a dedicated server whose access will be protected by a password. If deemed clinically necessary, patients will also be evaluated by a pulmonologist expert in the treatment of fibrosing lung diseases.

HRCT patterns, presence of fibrosis and other lung abnormalities (cysts, nodules, pleural effusion, etc) will be recorded. In patients with RA-ILD possible associations with demographic and clinical disease features will be also analysed (such as sex, disease duration, disease duration at ILD diagnosis, presence of ACPA, rheumatoid factor, ANA), inclusion of previous therapies.

RA diagnosis must be performed according to 2010 EULAR/ACR classification criteria, overlap syndrome are excluded from the study.

To evaluate specific HRCT features of RA-ILD, consecutive, unselected DICOM files of chest HRCT of patients with IPF and CTD-ILD (i.e., primary Sjogren syndrome, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies or other, according to the Centres availability) will be also evaluated by an expert thoracic radiologist blinded to patients' clinical history.

After 2 years, new HRCT and lung function tests will be collected for each enrolled patients when available, to evaluate possible changes of lung involvement over time.

Inclusion criteria

• patients able to give their informed consent
• at least aged 18 years
• patients undergoing High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) for clinical needs at any point in their medical history
• patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or connective tissue disease

Exclusion criteria

Patients younger than 18 and unable to give their informed consent.