Psychosocial Teleassistance Programme for Adults With Spina Bifida

The World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF) is a tool designed to assess quality of life using twenty-six items. The questionnaire measures four different domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Domain scores are transformed to a scale ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores reflect better quality of life.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a scale primarily designed to assess anxiety and depressive symptomatology using 14 items. The instrument is composed of two subscales: an anxiety subscale and a depression subscale. Total scores on each subscale range from 0 to 21, where a higher score is indicative of greater symptom severity.

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a brief, nine-item tool designed to detect and measure the severity of depression. The score can range from 0 to 27. Higher scores reflect more severe depressive symptoms, whereas lower scores indicate minimal or no depressive symptoms.

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) is a 10-item scale designed to assess self-esteem. The final score ranges from 10 to 40. Higher scores reflect greater self-esteem, whereas lower scores indicate reduced self-esteem.

The Self-Concept Questionnaire Form-5 (AF-5) is an instrument used to evaluate self-concept across five dimensions: social, academic-work/professional, emotional, family, and physical. Domain scores are transformed to a scale ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate a better self-concept across domains, while lower scores reflect worse self-concept in those areas.

The Barthel Index (IB) is an instrument used to evaluate physical functionality and level of independence across ten basic activities of daily living. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score reflects better functional independence, whereas a lower score indicates greater dependence for daily activities.

The Brief Cope Stress Questionnaire (COPE-28) is an instrument that consists of 28 items used to assess fourteen coping strategies: active coping, planning, instrumental support, emotional support, self-distraction, venting, disengagement, positive reinterpretation, denial, acceptance, religion, substance use, humor, and self-blame. Higher scores indicate greater use of specific coping strategies, while lower scores reflect less frequent use.

The Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) is designed to assess the degree of frustration with various interpersonal needs. This 12-item questionnaire is divided into two subscales: thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.