Probiotic and Prebiotic Supplementation in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

This is a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial designed to evaluate the clinical and biochemical impact of synbiotic supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis at the Regional Center for Kidney Diseases. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio into one of two parallel groups for a 6-month period:

• Synbiotic Group: Participants will receive one oral capsule daily in the morning before meals, containing prebiotic fibers (chicory inulin root and tapioca starch) and probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Streptococcus thermophilus) at a concentration of 7.5 x 10^12 CFU/100g.
• Placebo Group: Participants will receive one identical, inactive oral capsule daily.

Clinical and biochemical evaluations will be conducted at three distinct time points: Baseline (Visit 1), 3 months (Visit 2), and 6 months (Visit 3). At each visit, blood samples will be drawn to measure primary pro-inflammatory and uremic toxin markers, specifically p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate, alongside high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Additionally, nutritional status will be evaluated using the Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS). Secondary clinical outcomes, including the incidence of peritonitis episodes, will be documented throughout the entire 6-month study duration. To ensure protocol compliance, participant adherence will be tracked using two methods: Pill-counts conducted during each scheduled follow-up visit and periodic telephone calls between visits to provide reminders and monitor supplement intake.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients aged 18 years or older.
• Patients diagnosed with kidney disease who have been receiving peritoneal dialysis at home for at least 1 month.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who are unable to eat or receive food through a feeding tube.
• Patients who have taken prebiotics or probiotics (supplements that support gut health) in the month before the study starts.
• Patients who used antibiotics in the month before the study starts.
• Patients who cannot attend the scheduled follow-up visits (missing the second follow-up appointment will result in being removed from the study).
• Note on non-adherence and withdrawal: Patients who are unable to take their assigned capsules regularly (taking less than 80% of the total capsules will result in being removed from the study).