Physiotherapy in Pediatric Oncology

30-second sit-to-stand test to measure lower extremity muscle performance: is a functional measure of lower-limb strength in which an individual stands up and sits down from a chair as many times as possible within 30 seconds. If the test is reported using a numerical score, it corresponds to the total number of completed sit-to-stand repetitions, where the minimum value is 0, the maximum value depends on the person's performance, and higher scores indicate better lower-body strength and functional capacity.

6-minute walk test: is a widely used assessment of cardiorespiratory function in which an individual is instructed to walk as far as possible along a flat, measured course for six minutes. When reported numerically, the score corresponds to the total distance walked in meters, with a minimum value of 0 meters, no fixed maximum (as it depends on individual performance), and higher distances indicating better cardiorespiratory capacity and endurance.

The five-item Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Scale (PASE): is a brief self-report measure that evaluates an individual's confidence in their ability to engage in physical activity under various challenging circumstances. Scores are obtained by summing responses to the five items, each typically rated on a scale from 1 (low confidence) to 5 (high confidence), yielding a minimum total score of 5 and a maximum of 25. Higher scores indicate better self-efficacy for maintaining physical activity.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS): is a simple, widely used measure for assessing the intensity of subjective experiences such as pain, fatigue, or discomfort. It typically consists of a 10-centimeter horizontal line anchored by verbal descriptors at each end-for example, 0 = "no pain" and 10 = "worst imaginable pain." The respondent marks a point on the line that represents their perceived intensity. The minimum score is 0, the maximum score is 10, and higher scores indicate a worse symptom intensity.

Pediatric Berg Balance Scale (BBS): is a performance-based assessment designed to measure functional balance in children through 14 tasks such as standing, turning, and reaching. Each item is scored from 0 (inability to perform) to 4 (independent, best performance), producing a minimum total score of 0 and a maximum of 56. Higher scores indicate better balance ability and greater functional stability.

Goniometer: is an instrument used to measure the range of motion (ROM) of a joint. For ankle dorsiflexion, the goniometer is positioned with the axis at the lateral malleolus, the stationary arm aligned with the fibula, and the movable arm along the fifth metatarsal. Measurements are reported in degrees, with a typical minimum of 0° and a maximum depending on the individual, usually around 20° for dorsiflexion. Higher values indicate greater ankle dorsiflexion ROM, reflecting better joint flexibility.

Tanita DC-439 MA

Harpender stadiometer

weight/height 2

Ultrasound (QUS Model: Bone Mineral Densiometer, (OSTEOSYS, BETTER PRODUCTS FOR BETTER LIFE, n.d.))

Tape measure

Accelerometry Test: is an objective method for assessing physical activity levels by having an individual wear an accelerometer device, usually on the wrist, hip, or ankle, which records movement intensity and duration. Data are typically reported as average counts per minute, steps per day, or minutes spent in different activity intensities (e.g., sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous). Minimum values can be 0, and the maximum depends on the individual's activity level. Higher values indicate greater levels of physical activity.

PedsQL™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale: is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess fatigue in children across three domains: General Fatigue, Sleep/Rest Fatigue, and Cognitive Fatigue. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = "Never" to 4 = "Almost Always"), which are then reverse-scored and transformed to a 0-100 scale, with higher scores indicating less fatigue and better functioning. The minimum total score is 0, the maximum is 100, and higher scores reflect lower fatigue levels.

PedsQL™ Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire (Spanish version for Children and Adolescents with Heart Disease (PedsQL™)): is a self-report instrument that assesses health-related quality of life across multiple domains, including physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = "Never" to 4 = "Almost Always"), which are then reverse-scored and transformed to a 0-100 scale. The minimum total score is 0, the maximum is 100, and higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.

The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI): is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess depressive symptoms in children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years. It consists of multiple items scored on a 0-2 scale, with the minimum total score of 0 and a maximum total score of 54. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms.

Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI): is a self-report measure that evaluates the fear of anxiety-related sensations in children. Items are rated on a 3-point scale (1 = "None" to 3 = "A lot"), with a minimum total score of 18 and a maximum of 54. Higher scores reflect greater anxiety sensitivity.

Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ): is a parent- or caregiver-reported tool used to screen for sleep-related problems in children, including sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, and daytime sleepiness. Items are typically scored as "Yes" = 1, "No" = 0, or "Don't know" = missing. The total score is calculated as the proportion of positive responses, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Higher scores indicate more sleep-related problems.

Kinesiophobia Questionnaire for Children (KQC) adapted from the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK): is a self-report instrument designed to assess fear of movement or reinjury in children. Items are typically scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = "Strongly Disagree" to 4 = "Strongly Agree"), with a minimum total score of 13 and a maximum of 52. Higher scores indicate greater kinesiophobia, reflecting a stronger fear of movement or activity due to pain or injury.

Exercise Adherence Rating Scale: is a self-report questionnaire used to assess an individual's adherence to prescribed exercise programs. Items are typically scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = "Completely Disagree" to 4 = "Completely Agree"), with a minimum total score of 0 and a maximum of 24 for the adherence section. Higher scores indicate better adherence to the exercise regimen.

Social Support Questionnaire for Children (SSQ-C): is a self-report instrument designed to assess the perceived availability and satisfaction with social support in children. It includes items asking about the number of supportive people (availability) and satisfaction with support. Scores are typically summarized as average number of supporters per item and average satisfaction rating, with minimum values of 0 and maximum values depending on the scale used for satisfaction (often 6 or 7). Higher scores indicate greater perceived social support and satisfaction.