Physical Therapy Treatments, Including Neural Mobilization and Hip/Back Stretches for People Between 50-89 With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Leg Pain Provoked by Walking

Primary outcomes

1. Change in Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire

   Time frame: Baseline, 3-6 weeks, 3-6 months

   The Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire is a condition specific measure used for subjects with lumbar spinal stenosis. The measure consists of three separate subscales: Symptom, Functional, Satisfaction. Each scale has five to seven items, with each item scored on a Likert response scale with four to five options. The subscale score is calculated as the unweighted mean of all answered items, with a range of scores for each subscale as follows: one to five for symptom severity, one to four for physical function, and one to four for satisfaction. Lower scores represent fewer symptoms, greater function, and greater satisfaction with the results of their treatment. The subscale scores will be assessed independently of each other.

2. Change in Numeric Pain Rating Scale

   Time frame: Baseline, 3-6 weeks, 3-6 months

   The Numeric Pain Rating Scale is an objective measure for subjects to rate their pain. This measure uses an 11 point scale where "0" represents "no pain" and "10" represents "the worst imaginable pain". Subjects in this study will be asked to rate their average pain during walking activities during the past week. The NPRS is a valid measure that has been shown to have good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.61) (Childs et al 2005). This measure has been used in previous studies examining subjects with degenerative LSS.

3. Change in Total Ambulation Time

   Time frame: Baseline, 3-6 weeks

   Total Ambulation Time is an objective test to measure walking tolerance that has shown concordance correlation coefficient of 0.96 test-retest reliability in subjects with lumbar spinal stenosis (Deen et al 2000). This is a valid measure as it reproduces a subject's symptoms in the same manner as they are reproduced during daily life. Subjects will be asked to ambulate on a treadmill in a fully erect posture at a self-selected walking pace. Subjects will not be permitted to lean forward or hold onto handrails. Ambulation will be stopped at 15 minutes or when the subject reports a level of discomfort in their leg(s) that would cause them to stop walking in usual daily life situations (Deen et al 2000). The subject will be asked to remain standing for up to 15 seconds (if tolerated) in order to assess whether the leg symptoms can resolve in standing or if sitting is required. Longer walking times are considered an improvement in condition with this test.

4. Change in Time to First Symptoms

   Time frame: Baseline, 3-6 weeks

   Time to First Symptoms is an objective test used to record the time it takes before the onset of leg symptoms during treadmill ambulation. This measure has shown concordance correlation coefficient of 0.98 for test-retest reliability in subjects with lumbar spinal stenosis (Deen et al 2000). It is a valid measure of leg symptoms onset during an ambulation activity, which is responsible for symptom onset in daily life. Subjects will ambulate on a treadmill in a fully erect posture. Subjects will ambulate at a self-selected comfortable walking pace and will not be permitted to lean forward or hold onto handrails. Subjects will be asked to report the moment of first onset of leg symptoms (unilateral or bilateral leg pain, fatigue, paresthesia, and/or tightness). Longer times to the onset of first symptoms are considered an improvement in condition with this test