Phenotyping Genetic Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

The study team will recruit individuals based on genetic risk score for type 2 diabetes from the biobank populations who have agreed to be recontacted for future research. Each participant will undergo a frequently sampled four-hour oral glucose tolerance test and whole body DXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in addition to baseline laboratory and history assessment.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 10-70 years
• Prior participant of the UPenn Biobank or Center for Applied Genomics Biobank and agreed to be recontacted for future research.
• Adults with BMI 25kg/m2 or higher, children and adolescents with BMI 85th percentile or higher

Exclusion criteria

• prior diagnosis of type 1, type 2, or secondary diabetes
• use of medications that would impact glucose and insulin response such as steroids, metformin or other anti-diabetic medication
• acute illness that may impact insulin and glucose dynamics
• pregnancy
• hypothalamic obesity or related genetic disorder of metabolism
• recent systemic chemotherapy use
• gastrointestinal impairment or surgery that may impact absorption
• anemia
• major organ system illness or any underlying condition requiring regular medication or treatment that could make implementation of the protocol or interpretation of the study results difficult
• inability to comply with study protocol