PerAF: AF Termination vs Prespecified Ablation

Inclusion criteria

• aged between 18 and 80 years old;
• Patients undergoing a first-time ablation procedure for PersAF, and in spontaneous AF at the beginning of the procedure;
• Diagnosed as persistent AF according to the latest clinical guidelines，with atrial fibrillation lasting for at least one month;
• Ineffective or intolerable to ≥1 anti-arrhythmia drug treatment;
• Patients must be able and willing to provide written informed consent to participate in this study;
• Patients must be willing and able to comply with all study follow- up requirements.

Exclusion criteria

• .Uncontrolled congestive heart failure, EF <35%;
• . History of severe valve disease and/or prosthetic valve replacement;
• . Myocardial infarction or stroke within 6 months;
• . Severe congenital heart disease;
• . Left atrial diameter ≥60mm;
• . Contrast agent allergy;
• . The use of anticoagulant drugs is contraindicated;
• . Severe lung disease;
• . Left atrial thrombus confirmed by preoperative esophageal ultrasound;
• .Contraindications for cardiac catheterization;
• .Prior left atrial ablation (surgical or catheter);
• .Have performed any cardiac surgery within 2 months;
• .Poor general health;
• .Life expectancy < 12 months, including factors such as physical inability to tolerate ablation or unstable disease conditions.-