Pelvic Floor Muscle Training and Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Exercises in Pediatric Patients

There are 13 questions about lower urinary tract symptoms and 1 question about quality of life. Regarding nocturnal enuresis, the frequency and severity of nocturnal enuresis are questioned. The total score ranges from 0 to 35 points, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.

The BBDS assesses the severity of bladder and bowel dysfunction symptoms in children. It comprises 14 items, with the first 13 evaluating symptom severity and the last item assessing questionnaire completion difficulty. Each item uses a 5-point Likert scale; higher scores reflect greater symptom severity. Turkish validity and reliability have been confirmed.

It consists of 23 items and four subsections. It covers physical health, emotional, social, and school functioning. Each item receives a raw score between 0 and 4. "0" = No problem, "1" = Almost no problem, "2" = Sometimes a problem, "3" = Usually a problem, and "4" = Almost always a problem. The resulting raw scores are rescored to range from 0 to 100 (0 = 100, 1 = 75, 2 = 50, 3 = 25, 4 = 0). A higher total score indicates a higher quality of life.

Body image will be measured using the Children's Body Image Scale. The scale has separate versions for boys and girls. The scale contains seven gender-specific images in anatomical positions. Each version includes seven male and seven female photos in the scale. Each photo represents a different BMI range. The images are ranked from A to G according to increasing BMI. Children will be asked to mark the image that best reflects their perceived body size and shape. The calculation will be made by subtracting the number equivalent to their actual BMI from the perceived number. The score range is from -6 to +6, with negative scores indicating a perception of self as smaller than they actually are, zero indicating a correct answer, and positive scores indicating a perception of self as overweight.

Children's depression levels were assessed using the Children's Depression Scale, developed by Kovacs in 1981. The scale is applicable to children aged 6-17. Its validity and reliability in Turkish were demonstrated by Öy (1991). The scale consists of 27 items and has three different response options for each item. In our study, children were asked to think back over the past two weeks and select the sentence that best fits them. Each sentence set includes statements related to symptoms of childhood depression (e.g., sleep and appetite problems, dysphoria). Each sentence set can be scored between 0 and 2. Possible responses for each sentence set are "1. I sometimes feel sad," "2. I often feel sad," and "3. I always feel sad." The maximum score is 54. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity.

The PIN-Q evaluates psychosocial functioning in children and adolescents with continence disorders, covering self-esteem, family and peer relationships, and mood . The scale consists of 20 items; higher total scores indicate worse quality of life.

All participants received standardized PFMT supported by EMG-biofeedback (NeuroTrac Myoplus 4, Verity Medical Ltd, UK). Prior to training, children were provided with age-appropriate education on pelvic floor anatomy, bladder-bowel function, and voiding physiology using visual and interactive materials. The relationship between symptoms and daily life, including psychosocial aspects, was also explained to enhance understanding and adherence

Stool type was assessed using the Bristol Stool Scale, which classifies stool into 7 groups. Type 1 is the hardest and most fragmented stool, while Type 7 becomes watery stool with no solid content. The shape of the stool changes depending on its residence time in the colon