University of Warsaw
Warsaw, Poland
NCT Number: NCT05919875
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of the online 6-weeks Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (iMBCT) in depressed sample and compare the guided intervention to an unguided one. The main questions the study aims to answer are:
* To what extent completing iMBCT will reduce the severity of depressive symptoms in mild to moderately depressed sample? * What are the differences in participants who completed the program or responded to treatment and those who discontinued it? * What are the differences in treatment effect between two active conditions (guided and unguided iMBCT) and a passive one - waiting-list group?
Researchers will compare two iMBCT interventions with a waiting-list group to assess the therapeutic effects of iMBCT on depression, anxiety and other measures related to the mental health.
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Notify Me18 year and older
All sexes
Interventional
Not applicable
Warsaw, Poland
Depression affects more than 300 millions of people worldwide and is perceived as a largest contributor to global disability (World Health Organisation, 2017). Although the research into depression has been expanding in the last decades (Ledford, 2014), the epidemiological data suggests that a prevalence trend is not decreasing (Ormel, Cuijpers, Jorm et al., 2020).
Standard treatment such as psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy is expensive and often associated with other barriers such as limited availability of specialists or waiting-lists (Biringer, Sundfør, Davidson, 2015), which stresses the importance of seeking and investigating other approaches that could address mentioned issues (Rudd & Beidas, 2020).
With the development of technology, online psychological interventions have been created to offer more accessible help. Among the various programs aimed at reduction of psychological distress, the ones based on cultivating mindfulness, are exponentially increasing in popularity (Lee, Kim, Webster et al., 2021).
One of the few most examined MBI's protocols, considered as "gold-standard" (Van Dam et al., 2018) is Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT, Teasdale, Segal, Williams, 2000). Recent meta-analysis has shown that the intervention could treat current episodes of depression (Goldberg, Tucker, Greene et al., 2019). In the latest National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2022) guidelines MBCT was listed as one of the first-choices for less severe depression.
Several studies demonstrated the effectiveness of the online version of MBCT (iMBCT) in treating depressive symptoms (Segal, Dimidjian, Boggs et al., 2020; Ritvo, Knyahnytska, Wang et al., 2021; Nissen, Zachariae, O'Connor et al., 2021), however the field is still fairly new and more research is needed to comprehensively evaluate the clinical utility of the intervention.
In this study the investigators decided to evaluate the effectiveness of two conditions of 6-weeks iMBCT (guided and unguided) and compare those two with a waiting-list group.
Individuals willing to take part in the study will complete an online screening test. Participants meeting the initical criterions - mild to moderate depressive symptoms - will be asked to take part in a structured clinical interview to increase the validity of the assessment and exclude those with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Then after recruitment, participants will be randomized to one of the three mentioned above conditions. The unguided intervention will consist of the same thematic modules as guided one, however instead of online meetings materials will be uploaded on the platform.
Despite pre-test and post-test after six weeks, there will be follow-up measure after 3 months. Another outcome measure will be ecological momentary assessments taking place during the intervention.
Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes
Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
The unguided iMBCT intervention is divided into six sessions. The sessions are an online adaptation of the regular MBCT. Subsequent sessions are unlocked gradually, once a week. The training consists of audio/video recordings and a workbook. Materials are recorded by a certified MBCT teacher and represent topics raised during regular courses:
The intervention requires daily commitment of about 30-40 minutes.
The guided iMBCT intervention consists of six online meetings in groups of maximum 25 participants. The weekly meetings will be led by an experienced and certified MBCT teacher. The course of the meeting will represent thematically the unguided condition according to the agenda:
To reduce the number of differences between the conditions as much as possible and narrow it down to the active participation of the teacher, the meetings will be modified version of MBCT and will last maximum 90 minutes. Between the meetings participants will be ask to practice daily 30-40 minutes mindfulness exercises.
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): It is a brief self-administered tool for screening and assessing depression severity according to the DSM criteria (Kroenke et al., 2001). Respondents rate the statements on a 4-points scale, yielding a score between 0 and 27.
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
To increase the reliability of diagnosis, second tool measuring depression will be used: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977). It is a 20-item instrument with each item rated on a four-point scale ranging from 0 ("rarely or none of the time") to 3 ("most or all of the time").
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale: it is a brief tool that consists of seven items measuring worry and anxiety symptoms. (Spitzer et al., 2006). Each item is scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3) with total scores ranging from 0 to 21 with higher scores reflecting greater anxiety severity.
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
Self-compassion will be measured with a short form of Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF; Raes et al., 2011). The tool consists of 12 items (eg. 'I try to see my failings as part of the human condition.') to which person refers on a five-point scale.
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
The level of resilience will be computed with polish Resilience Measurement Scale (The Resiliency Assessment Scale, SPP-25; Ogińska - Bulik, Juczyński, 2008). The scale consists of 25 statements (e. g. I can easily adapt to new situations) to which respondent relates on a five-point Likert scale.
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-15 (FFMQ-15): It is a short tool to measure mindfulness as a trait. The items will be measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale from 1 (never or rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true). Example items include: "I do jobs or tasks automatically without being aware of what I'm doing"
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS): It is a 22-item tool measuring responses to depressed mood that are self-focused, symptom-focused, and focused on the possible causes and consequences of dysphoric mood (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991). Each item is rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always).
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ): It is a 7-item universal tool measuring cognitive fusion and was created as an alternative to questionnaires that were embedded in narrowed-down contexts, such as anxiety disorders or youth (Gillanders et al., 2014).
Time frame: Baseline, week 6 and week 18
The Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ): It is a 15-items assessment that was created to measure EA (Gámez et al., 2014). Participants respond to the statements on a 6-point Likert scale (1: "strongly disagree"; 6: "strongly agree").
Time frame: Week 1,2 and 6
EMA is a process measure that allows to deepen the understanding of mechanisms of change in the intervention. Our EMA consists of:
Time frame: week 2
Working Alliance Inventory tailored to the Internet condition (WAI-TECH-SF): it is a 12-item questionnaire designed to assess the therapeutic alliance with the online program. Participants will response on a seven-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (never) to 7 (always) (Herrero at al., 2020).
Time frame: week 2
Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) is a 6-item tool assessing treatment expectancy based on the participant's beliefs. The questionnaire consists of two factors: expectancy (with three questions rated on a 10-point scale, ranging from 1 to 9) and credibility (with one question rated on a 10-point scale and two questions rated on a 1-100% scale) (Devilly, Borkovec, 2000).
Time frame: Baseline
The Attitudes towards Psychological Online Interventions Questionnaire (APOI): it is a 16-item tool that was created to assesses respondents' acceptance of Internet interventions along four dimensions (Skepticism and Perception of Risks, Confidence in Effectiveness, Technologization Threat, and Anonymity Benefits). The answers are collected on a five-point Likert-scale (1 = totally agree, 2 = rather agree, 3 = not sure, 4 = rather disagree, 5 = totally disagree)(Schröder et al. 2015) .
Time frame: Baseline
A Locus of Control Specific to Well-Being (WB-LOC12): it is a 12-item tool that aims to identify the patients' beliefs concerning the main forces influencing their well-being (Farnier et al., 2021)
Time frame: Baseline
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS:it is a 12-item tool developed by Zimet and collaborators (1988) as a self-report measure to assess per- ceived social support.
University of Warsaw
Other
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Online 6-weeks Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Depressed Sample: a Randomized Three-arm Clinical Trial
Acronym: iMBCT
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