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Completed

NCT Number: NCT06942637

Effectiveness of Integrated Network for Student Psychosocial Intervention, Resilience, and Education (INSPIRE) on Mental Health Outcomes Among Indonesian Adolescents in Bandung

The INSPIRE (Integrated Network for Student Psychosocial Intervention, Resilience, and Education) intervention is an 8-week, school-based mental health program designed to enhance adolescents' mental health literacy and resilience while addressing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Implementation is conducted by school counselors who undergo an intensive two-day training program. The intervention is supported by comprehensive curriculum materials including detailed lesson plans, activities, discussion prompts, and instructional slides featuring key concepts, visuals, and explanatory content. Supplementary materials are developed for both participating adolescents and their parents.

The study aims to:

1. Evaluate the usability and feasibility of the INSPIRE intervention within the school environment. 2. Assess the intervention's effectiveness in improving:

* Primary outcome: Mental health knowledge among adolescents * Secondary outcomes: Attitudes toward mental health, help-seeking behaviors, mental health literacy, resilience, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among adolescents * Secondary outcomes: mental health knowledge, attitudes, help-seeking behaviors, and mental health literacy among parents 3. Explore the experiences of intervention participants (both adolescents and parents) against the control group to develop comprehensive insights into the psychosocial intervention's impact.

The research hypothesis proposes that the INSPIRE intervention group will demonstrate significantly higher scores in mental health knowledge, more positive attitudes toward mental health, increased help-seeking behaviors, enhanced mental health literacy, and greater resilience, while simultaneously showing reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to the control group receiving standard care. These outcomes will be measured immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) and at one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

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Key information

Conditions

Adolescents Anxiety Anxiety Disorders Behavior Behavioral Symptoms Depression Health Knowledge Health Literacy Mental Disorders Mental Health Parents Personal Satisfaction Psychological Well-Being Resilience School Intervention

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Bandung City Education Office and Junior high schools (Sekolah Menengah Pertama)

Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

About this study

Pilot Study The pilot study was conducted as a two-centre, two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial with a pre-test-post-test design and a 1:1 allocation ratio. Randomisation was performed at the school (cluster) level to minimise contamination. The pilot phase was implemented from 28 April to July 2025.

Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) The full-scale randomised controlled trial expanded to a multi-centre design involving five centres, maintaining a two-arm cluster randomised structure with school-level allocation. The trial was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 randomised two schools (School 1 and School 2), with one allocated to the control group and the other to the intervention group. Phase 2 randomised three additional schools (Schools 3, 4, and 5) with a 1:2 allocation ratio (one to control, two to intervention) to address recruitment shortfalls.

The RCT commenced in September 2025. Participant recruitment and baseline data collection occurred between 12 September and 21 November 2025. Follow-up for primary and secondary outcomes was completed on 27 March 2026.

Process Evaluation Process evaluation was conducted from 18 December 2025 to 7 April 2026.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Participants were initially restricted to students aged 13-15 years. However, the inclusion criteria in the RCT were subsequently broadened to encompass all junior high school students (grades 7-9) to ensure adequate recruitment and representativeness. Eligible students were required to be able to read, understand, and converse in Bahasa Indonesia.

The inclusion criteria for parents are as follows:

  • The biological father, mother, or an adult who fulfils a parental or guardian role for the participating adolescent
  • Able to understand and communicate in Bahasa Indonesia.

Exclusion criteria

  • Adolescents who are working, clinically diagnosed with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia or psychosis, at high risk for mental health disorders (e.g., teenage pregnancy), or are cognitively impaired will be excluded.
  • Parents with severe mental disorders or cognitive impairment that may hinder participation will be excluded.

Treatment and study plan

INSPIRE (Integrated Network for Student Psychosocial Intervention, Resilience, and Education)

Behavioral

The INSPIRE intervention is an 8-week school-based program aimed at enhancing adolescent mental health, attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors, mental health literacy, resilience and addressing depression and anxiety. Trained school counsellors deliver this structured curriculum using comprehensive materials including lesson plans, activities, and visual aids. the program provides supplementary resources for both participating students and their parents .

Primary outcomes

  1. Adolescents' mental health knowledge

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge.

  2. Adolescents' mental health knowledge

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Adolescents' attitudes towards mental health

    Time frame: immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes.

  2. Adolescents' attitudes towards mental health

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes.

  3. Adolescents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors.

  4. Adolescents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors.

  5. Adolescents' mental health literacy

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    the 50-item Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales, with total scores ranging from 0 to 200. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy.

  6. Adolescents' mental health literacy

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    the 50-item Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales, with total scores ranging from 0 to 200. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy.

  7. Adolescents' resilience

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    the nine-item resilience evaluation scale, with the total scores ranging from 0 to 36. Higher scores indicated higher psychological resilience.

  8. Adolescents' resilience

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    the nine-item resilience evaluation scale, with the total scores ranging from 0 to 36. Higher scores indicated higher psychological resilience.

  9. Adolescents' depression

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms.

  10. Adolescents' depression

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms.

  11. Adolescents' anxiety

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, with total scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms.

  12. Adolescents' anxiety

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, with total scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms.

  13. Parents' mental health knowledge

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge.

  14. Parents' mental health knowledge

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge.

  15. Parents' attitudes towards mental health

    Time frame: immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes.

  16. Parents' attitudes towards mental health

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes.

  17. Parents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors.

  18. Parents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors.

  19. Parents' mental health literacy

    Time frame: Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1)

    The 16-item Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 16 to 80. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy.

  20. Parents' mental health literacy

    Time frame: At one-month follow-up (post-test 2).

    The 16-item Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 16 to 80. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

National University of Singapore

Other

Collaborators

  • Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), Republic of Indonesia

Registry information

Official study title

Effectiveness of Integrated Network for Student Psychosocial Intervention, Resilience, and Education (INSPIRE) on Mental Health Outcomes Among Indonesian Adolescents in Bandung: A Randomised Controlled Trial and Process Evaluation

Acronym: INSPIRE

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2026
Study completion
2026
First posted
Apr 24, 2025
Registry last updated
Jul 31, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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