Short-Term Symptom Changes in Adults With Teeth Clenching or Grinding and Jaw Symptoms Receiving Splint, Botulinum Toxin, or Medication Plus Splint Care

This was a 3-month prospective, non-randomized observational cohort study of adults with bruxism-related and temporomandibular disorder symptoms managed according to routine clinical practice. A total of 60 participants were included in three clinically selected management cohorts: occlusal splint therapy, botulinum toxin type A injection, and short-term pharmacotherapy combined with splint therapy.

Management selection was based on routine clinical decision-making according to clinical indication, predominant symptom profile, shared decision-making, and patient preference rather than random allocation. The study protocol was designed to observe indication-based clinical management and did not require participants to be allocated randomly to interchangeable treatment options. Because the clinical characteristics influencing management selection could also influence subsequent symptom changes, the cohorts were not assumed to be clinically equivalent or exchangeable at baseline. Between-cohort analyses were therefore considered exploratory rather than estimates of comparative treatment effectiveness.

Participants in the occlusal splint cohort received custom-made maxillary stabilization splints and were instructed to wear the splints during sleep. Participants in the botulinum toxin type A cohort received a single session of bilateral intramuscular Dysport® injections into the masseter and temporalis muscles. Participants in the short-term pharmacotherapy plus splint cohort received the same maxillary stabilization splint protocol together with short-term oral thiocolchicoside and tenoxicam for symptom control.

The Turkish version of the Fonseca Anamnestic Index was administered at baseline and at the 3-month follow-up as a patient-reported measure of temporomandibular disorder-related symptom severity. The primary outcome was the change in total Fonseca Anamnestic Index score from baseline to 3 months. The study primarily aimed to describe within-cohort changes and to explore whether longitudinal change patterns differed among the three clinically selected cohorts. Secondary exploratory assessments included changes in selected Fonseca Anamnestic Index sub-item scores, shifts in Fonseca Anamnestic Index severity categories, and clinically recorded treatment-related adverse events during follow-up.

Because the management approaches were clinically distinct, participants and treating clinicians were not blinded. The study was not designed to establish causal comparative effectiveness or superiority among the three management approaches.

Inclusion criteria

• Adults aged 18 years or older.
• Presence of bruxism-related temporomandibular disorder symptoms.
• Self-reported sleep or awake bruxism based on clenching or grinding awareness.
• Clinical signs compatible with bruxism, including dental attrition, cupped-out wear facets, or shiny occlusal surfaces.
• Absence of known systemic conditions that could interfere with treatment or outcome assessment.
• Ability to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Age younger than 18 years.
• Presence of systemic or neurological disorders.
• Uncontrolled psychiatric conditions.
• Infection or inflammatory lesions at the planned injection sites.
• History of maxillofacial surgery or severe trauma in the relevant orofacial region.
• Inability or unwillingness to provide written informed consent.