Temporomandibular Disorders and Bruxism in Elite Basketball Referees

This study aims to determine the frequency of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and bruxism in elite basketball referees and to compare the findings with healthy controls. Basketball referees are exposed to high stress levels and maintain a prolonged parafunctional activity by holding a whistle between their teeth during matches, which may increase the risk of TMD and bruxism.

Participants will be evaluated using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), including Axis I and Axis II assessments. Additionally, ultrasonographic measurements of the masseter and temporalis muscle thickness will be performed both at rest and during clenching. The relationship between TMD, bruxism and ultrasonographic findings will be analyzed.

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Key information

Conditions

Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) Behavior Bruxism Craniomandibular Disorders Habits Jaw Diseases Joint Diseases Mandibular Diseases Muscular Diseases Musculoskeletal Diseases Stomatognathic Diseases Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Tooth Diseases

Age range

18 year–50 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Observational

Primary location

Izel Deniz Pehlivan Çakıcı

Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Age between 18-50 years
Willingness to participate
Adequate cognitive ability to follow instructions

Exclusion criteria

Refusal to participate
Dental or periodontal pain
History of temporomandibular disorder treatment
Occlusal abnormalities
History of head, neck, or jaw surgery
Use of medications affecting neuromuscular or bone metabolism
Use of wind instruments (e.g., flute, clarinet, trumpet)

Treatment and study plan

Primary outcomes

bruxism

Time frame: baseline

ultrasonographic measurement of masseter and temporal muscle

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Istanbul Physical Medicine Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital

Other Gov

Registry information

Official study title

Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Bruxism in Elite Basketball Referees: An Ultrasonographic Evaluation and Comparative Analysis With Healthy Controls

Important dates

Study start: 2025
Primary completion: 2025
Study completion: 2026
First posted: Jun 23, 2026
Registry last updated: Jun 23, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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Completed