Treatment of vulvar cancer causes significant morbidity. Despite being a rare cancer, at least 2500 survivors of vulvar cancer live in Australia. Most survivors live with the detrimental, life-long impacts resulting from their cancer treatment because there are currently no alternatives to mitigate these impacts. The personal and societal burden this entails is significant. To control such cancer-associated burden is a national priority.
Clinical palpation of the groin region and computed tomography (CT) scans do not reliably detect groin node involvement. Hence, current clinical guidelines recommend all women diagnosed at apparent Stage I or II have a surgical groin LND. This can be performed as a full IFL (full LND) to remove all groin nodes, or as a SNB to remove selected (one or two) nodes. SNB is less invasive, however, is appropriate only for vulvar cancers <4cm in diameter and unifocal tumours (~50% of all Stage I and II vulvar cancers). SNB is also associated with a false negative rate (10%) that increases the risk of undetected nodes.
In 25% of cases (~80 Australian women per year), groin LND will reveal positive nodes (i.e., metastases), which triggers a referral for radiation treatment. If positive groin nodes are missed, and over time become enlarged, clinically palpable and attached to the overlying skin, >90% of women will die within 12 months, despite subsequent treatment. Conversely, if groin node involvement is detected early (e.g., by ultrasound) while still small, survival outcomes are excellent. Ultrasound technology is potentially as accurate as LND due to recent advances in resolution and technologies such as 2D/3D volumetric assessments and tissue flow. Furthermore, ultrasound is superior to medical resonance imaging (MRI), and to standard CT and positron emission tomography (PET) scans in capturing groin node involvement because it has a higher resolution, avoids harmful radiation and the technology is readily accessible outside of high-volume metropolitan areas.
The investigators propose to reduce surgical morbidity by replacing upfront groin LND for vulvar cancer patients with serial high-resolution ultrasound to detect groin metastases. Groin LND will only be necessary for the few women with ultrasound-detected metastases when they are still small. This feasibility study (NODE - groiN ultrasOunD cancer) will determine the value of randomized serial groin ultrasound examinations in stage I and II vulvar cancer patients and whether it is feasible and safe for the investigators to de-escalate the extent of vulvar cancer surgery, aiming to achieve improved outcomes for affected patients.
Australian women with this rare cancer bear an unacceptably high (and potentially avoidable) treatment-related burden. This feasibility study is the first step to address this problem in a novel yet pragmatic way. The overall outcome of NODE is a novel, less invasive alternative to vulvar cancer LND associated with significantly less morbidity, without compromising survival.
