Nociception Level Index as Monitorization of Pain at the Intensive Care

the investigators designed a prospective study after approval of our Institutional ethics committee (dossier no:212-2022) and planned to allocate 60 patients (2 groups; 1:1 allocation; n=30). This study is designed under the Declaration of Helsinki and written informed consent will be obtained before surgery. Patients within the study should have general anesthesia for surgery for more than 2 hours and also planned for follow-up at the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Among these, an investigator selects patients aged over 18 and having American society of anesthesiology (ASA) scores I-III. Exclusion criteria are refusal to participate in the study; patients with additional organ failure especially lung failure (Pao2/fio2 value below 200); history of allergies to drugs used in the study protocol; patients receiving deep anesthesia with sedation infusion RASS -2 (unable to be awakened by uncooperative audible stimulus); patients with head trauma expected to have a low postoperative Glasgow coma score (GCS); the presence of surgical complication, arrhythmia, and sepsis during the hospital stay.

Randomization is designed with concealed opaque envelope in a 1:1 ratio into 2 groups (n= 30): the control group (Group Standard of care) and the study group (Group NOL). When the inclusion/exclusion criteria are met, on the day of the surgery the anesthetist in the operating room will choose one envelope to apply the designed protocol for each group. Data obtained at the clinical follow-up will be gathered by informed nurses at the ICU. All evaluations at the surgical wards especially for delirium and cognitive dysfunction will be evaluated by the same independent anesthetist who is blind to the study groups.

All patients will receive standard analgesia protocol as 1 gr paracetamol (maximum dose 4x1 and minimum dose interval as 6 hours) and rescue analgesia as 1mg/kg tramadol (maximum dose 4x1 and minimum dose interval as 6 hours). Moreover, if analgesia is not ensured 0,05 mg/kg morphine (IV) bolus doses are planned when their pain scales or NOL values are high (NRS >4; CPOT>2; NOL >25 over 1 minute). NRS and CPOT will be used as pain scales at postoperative 6th, 8th, 12th, and 24th hours for all patients. The Group Standard will be followed with standard monitorization only along with pain scales and receive rescue analgesia according to them. However, Group NOL will acquire NOL monitorization throughout the ICU stay and have the same rescue analgesia under NOL guidance with concurrent pain scales. The total amount of analgesics used during the ICU stay will be noted. Delirium and cognitive dysfunction will be evaluated at the 24th hour before discharge by CAM-ICU score and by 4AT at the surgical ward on the postoperative 3rd day before hospital discharge.

Inclusion criteria

• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status classification I to III
• Patients who have been admitted to the postoperative intensive care unit
• Patients necessitating general anesthesia for surgery of more than 2 hours
• Patients who need mechanical ventilation for a while in intensive care follow-up

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with additional organ failure
• Disease that may make it difficult to wean from the ventilator when lung functions are evaluated (Pao2/fio2 value below 200)
• History of allergies to drugs used in the study protocol
• Patients receiving deep anesthesia with sedation infusion RASS -2 (unable to be awakened by uncooperative audible stimulus)
• Patients with head trauma expected to have a low postoperative Glasgow coma score
• Presence of arrhythmia
• Presence of sepsis during the hospital stay
• Patients who stay more than 48 hours at the postoperative intensive care unit
• Presence of surgical complication
• Known hepatic insufficiency or decreased function
• Known renal insufficiency or decreased function