Multidimensional Recovery Patterns and Prognostic Factors After Stroke

The PM-3D4D is a 24-item measure that was designed to evaluate three domains of participation: Productivity, Social, and Community. Respondents are asked to rate each item on four dimensions: (1) 'Diversity of participation' (yes [1] vs. no [0]); (2) 'Frequency'(5- and 7-point scales, from "never" to "everyday or almost everyday"); (3) 'Desire for change' (yes [1] vs. no[0]); and (4) 'Perceived difficulty' (4-point scale, from "very difficult" [1] to "not difficult at all" [4]). Each dimensional score of the PM-3D4D can be separately summed for each domain. Psychometric properties of the PM-3D4D were established in rehabilitation populations.

The Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AMPAC) Outpatient Short Forms consists of three subscales that assesses three activity domains: basic mobility (18 items), daily activity (15 items), and applied cognitive (19 items). Each item asks the respondent to rate the difficulty to perform specified activities using a 4-point scale. The summary scores range 18-72, 15-60, 19-76 points respectively among three subscales. Higher score indicates better function of the specific domain. The summary scores for each subscale will be transformed into standardized scores on the t-score scale.

The Euro-QoL-5-Dimension-3 Level (EQ-5D-3L) is used to assess participant's health related quality of life which consist of 5 ordinal scale items and 1 item with visual analog scale. Ordinal scales are rated 0-3 points with higher score indicating the pooer health-related quality of life. visual analog scale are rated by respondents reporting perceived health status with a grade ranging from 0 to 100 with higher score indicating the better health status).

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a clinician-reported measure consisting of cognition domains such as: visuospatial skills, executive functions, attention, concentration, calculation, language, abstraction, memory, and orientation. The summary score ranges from 0-30 points with higher scores indicating better cognitive function.

Barthel Index (BI) is a commonly used measurement indicating independence level of self-care, with higher scores indicating a better self-care independence.

The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is designed to measure functional status after a stroke. Each participant is rated 0-6 point on an ordinal scale with lower score indicating greater functional status after stroke.

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a self-reported outcome measure of depressive symptoms, with higher scores indicating the presence of more severe symptom (range: 0-60).

National Institutes of Health Stroke scale (NIHSS) is a 15-item measurement designed to assess neurological symptoms

General information relating to stroke individuals, including age of onset, sex, diagnosis, time since onset, comobidities, education, marital status, monthly income, etc.

Information relating to the environments in which the stroke individuals live, including living with caregiver(s), house with/without a elevator, social support, etc.