Telerehabilitation for Hand Function in Stroke Patients

Stroke persists as the most prevalent cause of disability in adults worldwide, with upper limb disability significantly diminishing the level of independence in stroke survivors. Traditional post-stroke rehabilitation typically requires frequent visits to outpatient facilities, which can be inconvenient for patients with mobility impairments, those facing high transportation costs, or individuals living in remote areas. Telerehabilitation, delivered through digital communication platforms, offers a promising alternative that may expand access to rehabilitation services while maintaining treatment intensity and quality.

This study employs a randomized controlled trial design to investigate whether adding home-based telerehabilitation to conventional outpatient care produces superior outcomes compared to conventional care alone. The study will be conducted at three hospitals in Pakistan: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Hospital, Aziz Fatima Trust Hospital, and Madina Teaching Hospital. A total of 48 subacute stroke patients will be enrolled using convenience sampling, with sample size calculated using OpenEpi version 3 based on previous published data (Chen, 2020) with 95% confidence interval and 80% power.

Eligibility Criteria: Participants must have a Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity score between 22-56, a Box and Block Test score of at least 1 block in 60 seconds at screening, and no other major neurological or psychotic diseases, cognitive impairment, or pregnancy.

Randomization and Blinding: Participants will be randomly allocated using a computer-generated sequence. Allocation will be concealed, and outcome assessments will be performed by physiotherapists who remain blinded to group assignment.

Interventions: Both groups receive identical exercise content and dosage. Group A (Experimental) receives conventional outpatient rehabilitation plus home-based telerehabilitation via live WhatsApp video chats supervised by a physiotherapist. Each session lasts 30 minutes, five days per week for six weeks. During video sessions, the therapist observes participant setup, provides online verbal assistance, checks movement quality and safety, and modifies compensatory strategies. Participants receive essential equipment (small objects, balls, TheraBand) and an internet data bundle to support connectivity.

Group B (Control) receives conventional outpatient rehabilitation only, with on-site supervised sessions in neuro-physiotherapy outpatient departments. Sessions are 30 minutes each, five days per week for six weeks, using the same exercise content, dosage, equipment, and repetitions as the telerehabilitation group. A physiotherapist provides direct hands-on supervision, checks accuracy, and adjusts difficulty levels in real-time.

Outcome Measures: Assessments occur at baseline (pre-intervention) and after the 6-week intervention period using: (1) Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity to measure motor recovery; (2) Box and Block Test to measure manual dexterity; and (3) Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale to measure patient enjoyment of physical activity.

Statistical Analysis: Data will be analyzed using SPSS software. Normality testing will precede hypothesis testing to determine appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistical methods. Between-group differences will be analyzed using independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests as appropriate, with significance level set at p < 0.05.

Inclusion criteria

• Subacute stroke patients (time since stroke: 1-6 months)\\n
• Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity score between 22-56\\n
• Box and Block Test score of at least 1 block in 60 seconds at the Screening Visit\\n
• Ability to provide informed consent\\n
• Access to a smartphone with WhatsApp capability (for Group A)

Exclusion criteria

• Any other major existing neurological or psychotic disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis)\\n
• Pregnancy\\n
• Any disease apart from index stroke that noticeably affects arm function of paretic limb\\n
• Cognitive impairment that prevents understanding of instructions\\n
• Upper extremity acute orthopedic conditions\\n
• Medically unstable patients