Mindfulness for Adolescents for CM and HFEM

Background and significance Adolescents with Chronic Migraine (CM) and High Frequency Episodic Migraine (HFEM) without Aura, characterized by 15+ and 9-14 days with headache respectively, pose a relevant burden on adolescents' health, quality of life, as well as on their ability to perform school and leisure time activity. In addition to this, tackling such health conditions in adolescence might be of great importance to reduce the likelihood of a transition to adulthood with CM and medication overuse headache.

In this category of patients, it is suggested to avoid prescribing pharmacological prophylaxis, in favour of non-pharmacological approaches, such as nutraceuticals or behavioural techniques.

Behavioural approaches are considered helpful for younger patients with HFEM and CM to manage pain and to reduce the number of analgesics and the use preventive medications. Mindfulness, in particular, has been applied in several clinical experiences in adults with pain and migraine with encouraging results, with long term benefit similar to that obtained from pharmacological prophylaxis. The clinical use of mindfulness in adolescents is limited to few experiences, however some results in this group of patients are encouraging. A non-randomized pilot study demonstrated acceptability and feasibility of a mindfulness-based treatment for adolescents with recurrent headaches (1). Another study demonstrated how mindfulness was able to reduce depression in children and adolescents suffering from migraine associated with depression (2). A third small pilot study (3) showed positive results with the use of mindfulness in young patients with headache.

Taken as a whole, these studies seem to point out that mindfulness-based protocol for adolescents with CM or HFEM are feasible and acceptable. What has to be better addressed is the effect of such a kind of treatment: available information, however, enable us to hypothesize that reduction in headache frequency from baseline over a 12-months period could be higher or equal to 50%.

Inclusion criteria

one of the two main diagnoses are to me met.

• diagnosis of episodic migraine without aura (code 1.1 of International Classification of Headache Disorders, third version - ICHD-3) at high frequency (HFEM).

The clinical features are those of code 1.1 of the ICHD-3, with headache lasting 2-72 hours (which is specific to populations aged <18) and with frequency 8-14 days/month for >3 months.

• Diagnosis of Chronic Migraine (CM) (code 1.3 of International Classification of Headache Disorders, third version). Core features are the following:

• Headache (migraine-like or tension-type-like1) on 15 days/month for >3 months
• Headache occurring in a patient who has had at least five attacks fulfilling criteria for Migraine without aura OR for Migraine with aura
• Headache with migraine-like features for at least 8 days/month for >3 months, i.e. with typical features of migraine with or without aura, or with the headache believed by the patient to be migraine at onset and relieved by a triptan or ergot derivative

Exclusion criteria

• major psychiatric disorders based on clinical history;
• psychotherapy of any approach in the previous 18 months;
• previous experience of mindfulness or meditation approach