Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Dementia Caregivers

The Experiential Avoidance in Caregiving Questionnaire (EACQ) is a 15-item self-report questionnaire measuring experiential avoidance in caregivers. Scores range 15-75, and higher scores indicate greater levels of experiential avoidance.

The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) assess the stresses experienced by caregivers of patients with dementia. The short form assesses 12 questions about the impact of the patient's disabilities on the caregiver's life, each rated from least (0) to most (4) frequent. Items are summed to calculate the ZBI total score. The ZBI total score ranges from 0 to 48; higher scores denoting more stresses experienced by caregivers.

The Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale asks caregivers to rate their agreement/disagreement with 9 statements about positive aspects of caregiving on a 5-point Likert scale from "disagree a lot" to "agree a lot." Scores can range from 9 to 45 with higher scores indicating more subjective positive aspects of providing care to someone.

The Mutuality Scale of the Family Care Inventory will be used for rating mutual concerns and overall relationship satisfaction. The measure consists of 15 items. Scores range from 0-60, higher scores indicate greater relationship satisfaction.

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was designed to assess empathy, and has 28 items on a 5-point Likert scales (1 = does not describe me well to 5 = describes me very well). The perspective-taking scale assesses the extent to which individuals are able to take on others' points of view. Each of the 4 sub-scales has 7 items and scores range from 7 to 35. Higher scores indicate a greater ability to take on the perspective of other persons in social contexts.

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was designed to assess empathy, and has 28 items on a 5-point Likert scales (1 = does not describe me well to 5 = describes me very well). The empathetic concern scale assesses the extent of individuals' concern and compassion for others. Each of the 4 sub-scales has 7 items and scores range from 7 to 35. Higher scores indicate a greater amount of empathy for others.

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was designed to assess empathy, and has 28 items on a 5-point Likert scales (1 = does not describe me well to 5 = describes me very well). The personal distress subscale assesses individuals anxiety as a result of other's negative experiences. Each of the 4 sub-scales has 7 items and scores range from 7 to 35. Higher scores indicate a greater amount of personal distress for others' negative situations.

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was designed to assess empathy, and has 28 items on a 5-point Likert scales (1 = does not describe me well to 5 = describes me very well).The fantasy subscale assesses the extent to which individuals identify with fictional characters. Each of the 4 sub-scales has 7 items and scores range from 7 to 35. Higher scores indicate a greater ability to identify with fictional characters.

This scale is comprised of 10 items and assesses the compassion we feel for others, related to our sensitivity to other people's thoughts and feelings. Scores range from 0 to 40. Higher scores indicate greater fear of compassion for others.

This scale is comprised of 13 items the compassion that we experience from others and flowing into the self. Scores range from 0 to 52. Higher scores indicate greater fear of compassion from others.

The TASIT test asks participants to watch 16 brief videos of social interactions, and answer 4 "Yes" or "No" questions per video. Answering these questions requires the ability to make inferences based on sarcasm, facial expressions, and other social elements seen in the videos, and measures socioemotional sensitivity. Higher scores indicate better ability to make real-world social inferences.

The Humor Picture test presents 8 different scenarios each with 4 potentially humorous outcomes that may be correct funny, straightforward, humorous nonsequitur, or unrelated nonsequitur, and is used to measure humor comprehension. Responses to each of the 4 categories are added together to allow 0-8 points in each category.

The SDR task presents 20 hypothetical social scenarios, and asks participants how they should respond to the scenario on a scale ranging from negative to positive responses with 0, 1, or 2 points awarded depending on the response. The test is used to evaluate knowledge of emotional social norms, and scores range from 0 to 40.

Anxiety symptom severity will be measured with change in the anxiety subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The DASS-21 consists of three 7-item subscales. Participants indicate how much each of 21 items applies to them over the past week on a scale from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me very much, or most of the time). Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety.

Perceived stress severity will be measured with change in the stress subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The DASS-21 consists of three 7-item subscales. Participants indicate how much each of 21 items applies to them over the past week on a scale from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me very much, or most of the time). Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress.

The primary outcome of depression symptom severity will be measured with change in the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The DASS-21 consists of three 7-item subscales. Participants indicate how much each of 21 items applies to them over the past week on a scale from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me very much, or most of the time). Higher scores indicate higher levels of depression.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (DERS) test was designed to assess participant's trait-level emotion regulation ability. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). The non-acceptance sub-scale assesses nonacceptance of emotional responses. Scores range from 6 to 30, and higher values reflect greater difficulty with the measured domain.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation-Short Form (DERS) test was designed to assess participant's trait-level emotion regulation ability. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). The goals subscale assesses difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior. Scores range from 6 to 30, and higher values reflect greater difficulty with the measured domain.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (DERS) test was designed to assess participant's trait-level emotion regulation ability. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). The impulse subscale assesses impulse control difficulties. Scores range from 6 to 30, and higher values reflect greater difficulty with the measured domain.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (DERS) test was designed to assess participant's trait-level emotion regulation ability. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). The awareness subscale assesses lack of emotional awareness. Scores range from 6 to 30, and higher values reflect greater difficulty with the measured domain.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (DERS) test was designed to assess participant's trait-level emotion regulation ability. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). The strategies subscale assesses limited access to emotion regulation strategies. Scores range from 6 to 30, and higher values reflect greater difficulty with the measured domain.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (DERS) test was designed to assess participant's trait-level emotion regulation ability. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). The clarity subscale assesses lack of emotional clarity. Scores range from 6 to 30, and higher values reflect greater difficulty with the measured domain.

The Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences is 12-item self-report measure that will be used to measure a component of subjective well-being, one's positive affect. The subscale ranges from 6 to 30. Higher scores indicate greater experiences of positive affect states (i.e., higher scores on the SPANE-PA scale indicates greater frequency of experiencing positive emotions).

A novel 4-item measure on a 1-5 ordinal scale to measure self-efficacy around dementia caregiving. Higher scores represent greater self-efficacy.

The FFMQ is a 15-item self-reported, instrument assessing mindfulness based on five factors that represent elements of mindfulness ( observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience). Possible scores range from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true).

This scale is comprised of 15 items and assesses the compassion we have for ourselves when we make mistakes or things go wrong in our lives. Scores range from 0 to 60. Higher scores indicate greater fear of compassion for self.

Self Compassion Scale Short Form (SCS-SF) total score, a 12-item self-report measure of self-compassion. The test answers on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, and scores range 12-60 with higher scores indicating greater self compassion.

The HEMA scale is a 10-item questionnaire assessing the extent to which someone values happiness and pleasure versus seeking self-growth, and is measured on a 7-point Likert scale from "not at all" to "very much" for a composite score ranging from 7 to 70. Higher scores indicate better perceived psychological wellbeing.

WHOQOL BREF questionnaire consists of 26 items exploring physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relations (3 items), environment (8 items) and the quality of life related to health attesting to the overall satisfaction (2 items). Subject responses are collected using a Likert scale, scored from 1 to 5, summed and converted to a scale of 0 (poor quality of life) to 100 (good quality of life). Higher scores indicate better personal quality of life.

The Pleasant Events Schedule (PES) will be used to measure the frequency with which the patient engages in enjoyable events. For each of 20 events, caregivers denote the frequency (0 = not at all, 1 = 1-6 times, 2 = 7+ times) with which the patient engaged in the event, and whether the patient enjoyed the event. Higher scores indicate higher frequency and pleasantness of activities.