Mindfulness-based Interventions on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms in Diabetic Patients

Primary outcomes

1. Personal Information Form

   Time frame: 1. day

   Personal Information Form: This form was developed based on literature. It includes sociodemographic data such as age, gender, educational status, etc.

2. he Perceived Stress Scale

   Time frame: 1. day

   The Perceived Stress Scale was developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein (1983). The Perceived Stress Level Scale, consisting of 14 items, is designed to measure the degree to which a person perceives certain situations in their life as stressful. The scale is a 5-point Likert-type scale, with each item ranging from "Never (0)" to "Very often (4)." Seven of the items are positively worded and are reverse-scored. Standardization studies for the scale's use in Turkey were conducted by Baltaş et al. (1998). The total score obtained from the scale indicates an individual's stress level. Scores between 11 and 26 indicate low stress, scores between 27 and 41 indicate moderate stress, and scores between 42 and 56 indicate high stress (Baltaş et al., 1998).

3. The Perceived Stress Scale

   Time frame: 90. day

   The Perceived Stress Scale was developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein (1983). The Perceived Stress Level Scale, consisting of 14 items, is designed to measure the degree to which a person perceives certain situations in their life as stressful. The scale is a 5-point Likert-type scale, with each item ranging from "Never (0)" to "Very often (4)." Seven of the items are positively worded and are reverse-scored. Standardization studies for the scale's use in Turkey were conducted by Baltaş et al. (1998). The total score obtained from the scale indicates an individual's stress level. Scores between 11 and 26 indicate low stress, scores between 27 and 41 indicate moderate stress, and scores between 42 and 56 indicate high stress (Baltaş et al., 1998).

4. Beck Depression Inventory

   Time frame: 1. day

   Beck Depression Inventory: Developed by Beck, this scale is used to determine individuals' risk for depression and to measure the level and severity of depression symptoms. The Turkish validity and reliability of the scale was conducted by Hisli. The 21-item scale provides a four-point Likert-type measurement. Each item on the scale receives a progressively increasing score from 0 to 3, and the total score ranges from 0 to 63. A higher total score is considered an indicator of more severe depression. In the validity and reliability study of the BDI, scores obtained from the BDI were interpreted as follows: 0-13 points indicating no depression; 14-19 points indicating low depression; 20-18 points indicating moderate depression; and 29-63 points indicating high depression.

5. Beck Depression Inventory

   Time frame: 90. day

   Beck Depression Inventory: Developed by Beck, this scale is used to determine individuals' risk for depression and to measure the level and severity of depression symptoms. The Turkish validity and reliability of the scale was conducted by Hisli. The 21-item scale provides a four-point Likert-type measurement. Each item on the scale receives a progressively increasing score from 0 to 3, and the total score ranges from 0 to 63. A higher total score is considered an indicator of more severe depression. In the validity and reliability study of the BDI, scores obtained from the BDI were interpreted as follows: 0-13 points indicating no depression; 14-19 points indicating low depression; 20-18 points indicating moderate depression; and 29-63 points indicating high depression.

6. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

   Time frame: 1. day

   Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): Developed by Beck et al., the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a self-report instrument used to determine the frequency of anxiety symptoms experienced by individuals. The 21-item scale is a 4-point Likert-type scale scored from 0 to 3. Based on BAI scores, patients' anxiety levels are classified as follows: 0-17 points indicate low anxiety, 18-24 points indicate moderate anxiety, and 25 and above indicate high anxiety. Higher values from the total scale indicate higher anxiety levels, while lower values indicate lower anxiety levels. Adapted to Turkish by Ulusoy, the original version of the scale reported a Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of 0.92, and test-retest reliability coefficients of r=0.75 and r=0.67. In the adaptation study conducted in Turkey, the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was reported as 0.93, and test-retest reliability was reported as 0.57. It is stated that the item total correlation coefficients

7. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

   Time frame: 90. day

   Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): Developed by Beck et al., the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a self-report instrument used to determine the frequency of anxiety symptoms experienced by individuals. The 21-item scale is a 4-point Likert-type scale scored from 0 to 3. Based on BAI scores, patients' anxiety levels are classified as follows: 0-17 points indicate low anxiety, 18-24 points indicate moderate anxiety, and 25 and above indicate high anxiety. Higher values from the total scale indicate higher anxiety levels, while lower values indicate lower anxiety levels. Adapted to Turkish by Ulusoy, the original version of the scale reported a Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of 0.92, and test-retest reliability coefficients of r=0.75 and r=0.67. In the adaptation study conducted in Turkey, the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was reported as 0.93, and test-retest reliability was reported as 0.57. It is stated that the item total correlation coefficients