Midazolam Alone Versus Midazolam With Ketorolac for Sedation During Flexible Bronchoscopy.

Flexible bronchoscopy has emerged as a cornerstone in the evaluation and management of respiratory diseases, providing clinicians with the ability to directly visualize the tracheobronchial tree and perform a wide array of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Its applications include bronchoalveolar lavage for cytological and microbiological analysis, endobronchial tissue biopsy for histopathological assessment, and removal of foreign bodies or secretions obstructing the airway. Despite its widespread use and clinical importance, flexible bronchoscopy remains a procedure that can cause significant discomfort and anxiety for patients. The manipulation of the airway often triggers coughing, dyspnea, hypoxia, and pain, which may lead to excessive movement, impaired cooperation, and in some cases, premature termination of the procedure. These challenges can compromise both patient safety and the accuracy of diagnostic outcomes.

To mitigate these issues, sedation and analgesia are routinely employed to improve procedural tolerance. Effective sedation reduces anxiety, suppresses involuntary airway reflexes, and shortens procedure duration, all while maintaining patient safety. The ideal sedative agent for bronchoscopy should achieve a balance between adequate sedation and rapid recovery, allowing for procedural efficiency, patient comfort, and optimal diagnostic yield. However, the use of sedative agents is not without risk. Dose-dependent complications, such as bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, and hypoxia, may occur and can necessitate interruption or termination of the procedure. Furthermore, the use of topical anesthetics like lignocaine at higher doses carries the potential for serious adverse effects including seizures and cardiac arrhythmias.

Research in both pulmonary medicine and other procedural disciplines, such as gastroenterology and surgery, has demonstrated that combining analgesics with sedative agents can enhance patient comfort and procedural cooperation while minimizing complications. Moderate sedation combined with analgesia has been associated with reduced peri-procedural anxiety, improved patient satisfaction, decreased risk of procedural interruption, and overall better procedural outcomes. This approach leverages the synergistic effects of sedatives and analgesics to provide a safer and more tolerable procedural experience.

Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol) is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with strong analgesic properties that does not induce respiratory depression, making it an attractive option for procedural analgesia. Intravenous administration of ketorolac prior to bronchoscopy has been shown to improve patient comfort, reduce pain, and maintain cardiovascular stability. Its rapid onset and favorable safety profile allow for safe co-administration with sedative agents such as midazolam. To ensure patient safety, individuals with contraindications to NSAIDs, including those with bronchial asthma, are excluded from this study.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the effects of midazolam alone versus midazolam combined with ketorolac on patient comfort, sedation quality, and safety during flexible bronchoscopy. Secondary objectives include assessing procedural tolerance, incidence of adverse events, hemodynamic stability, and overall patient satisfaction. By systematically investigating the benefits of combining analgesia with sedation, this study aims to inform the development of evidence-based sedation protocols that optimize patient comfort, safety, and procedural efficiency.

The findings from this research have the potential to impact clinical practice significantly, particularly in resource-limited settings like Pakistan, where optimizing procedural sedation strategies can enhance patient experience, improve diagnostic accuracy, and minimize procedural complications. This study addresses a critical gap in the literature regarding the synergistic use of sedatives and analgesics during bronchoscopy and may provide guidance for safe and effective sedation practices that can be widely adopted in clinical respiratory medicine.

Inclusion criteria

Adults aged 18-75 years. Patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. ASA physical status I-III. Patients able to provide informed written consent.

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Exclusion criteria

• History of bronchial asthma or NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD). Known hypersensitivity or contraindication to midazolam or NSAIDs (e.g., ketorolac).

Coagulopathy or platelet count < 70,000/µL. Active peptic ulcer disease or diagnosed bleeding disorder. Severe renal impairment CKD grade 3 or 4 with eGFR <50ml/min or hepatic failure.

Chronic opioid use or benzodiazepine dependency. Unstable cardiorespiratory status (e.g., respiratory failure or requiring high-flow oxygen).