Meaning in Music-Based Pain Modulation

Participants will be asked to report pain unpleasantness on a 1 - 100 visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (no sensation) to 100 (intolerable pain)

Participants will be asked to report pain intensity on a 1 - 100 visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (no sensation) to 100 (intolerable pain)

The multidimensional meaning in life scale is a 16 item validated questionnaire that measures judgments about life's meaning including three subscales of coherence, purpose and mattering. Participants respond to each item using a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Very strongly disagree, 7 = Very strongly agree). A higher score indicates a stronger sense of that dimension of meaning in life.

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-X (PANAS-X) is a 60-item measure assessing perceived intensity of various emotions, which are aggregated to form positive and negative affect scales, and a series of subscales. Scores are calculated by summing the numerical values of a 5-point Likert type scale (1 = Very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) for each item. Higher scores indicate higher levels of the specific affect being measured.

The Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities scale is a 9 item survey used to assess how participants typically approach activities in daily life. Participants rate each item on a 7-point Likert type scale (1 = not at all, 7 = very much) with higher scores indicating more hedonic or eudaimonic motives for activities.

Participants will be asked to rate their affective responses to each music clip on a 9-point Likert-type scale. Higher scores indicate a greater experience of each emotion measured.

The objective of the interview is to gain in-depth data on participants' thoughts and feelings about what makes music meaningful to them and how such meaning relates to their experience of pain.