Local Versus Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SYNTHESIS)

"Stroke is a major cause of death and severe disability.The only effective, available therapy, within few hours of stroke onset, is rt-PA, a thrombolytic agent. Preliminary experience but not from properly conducted randomized trials indicates that intra-arterial treatment might be more effective than intravenous therapy for some vascular lesions. Intravenous application has not been tested directly against intra-arterial treatment and we do not known the relative clinical effectiveness with these two routes of administration. Eligible patients will be randomized to receive either IV rt-PA (0.9mg/kg; max 90 mg), 10% of which would be infused over 1 minute, and the remainder over 60 min, or IA rt-PA within the thrombus by means of microcatheter. In patients allocated to IA rt-PA the angiogram is performed as soon as possible within 6 hours of stroke onset; IV heparin has to be initiated (2000 U bolus followed by 500 U7hr infusion) and rt-PA is delivered at a rate of about 90 mg/hr for maximum one hour at the dose needed for recanalization up to 0.9 mg/Kg (max 90 mg). Antithrombotics and anticoagulants are disallowed during the first 24 hours (except heparin used during the angiogram). After 24 hrs, all patients will be considered for long-term antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Follow-up will take place at 7 days, discharge, or transfer, whichever is first; and again at 3 months. 4 centers are currently authorized for the start-up phase; 15 centers in Italy have applied for an expansion phase of the study (SYNTHESIS EXPANSION), with financial support from Italian National Agency for Drugs (AIFA).The two phases of the study will be analysed separately and will be considered in a pooled analysis.

Inclusion criteria

• Sudden focal neurological deficit attributable to a stroke
• Clearly defined time of onset, allowing initiation of intravenous treatment within 3 hours of symptoms onset and intra-arterial treatment within 6 hour of symptoms onset.
• Age between 18 and 80 years

Exclusion criteria

• Disability preceding stroke consistent with a modified Rankin scale score of 2-4 (see glossary for Rankin scale)
• Coma at onset
• Severe stroke as assessed clinically (e.g. NIHSS>25)
• Rapidly improving neurological deficit or minor symptoms
• Seizure at onset of stroke
• Clinical presentation suggestive of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (even of CT scan is normal) or condition after subarachnoid hemorrhage from aneurysm
• Previous history of or suspected intracranial hemorrhage
• Previous history of central nervous system damage (i.e. neoplasm, aneurysm, intracranial or spinal surgery)
• Septic embolism, bacterial endocarditis, pericarditis
• Acute pancreatitis
• Arterial puncture at a non compressible site (e.g. subclavian or jugular vein puncture) or traumatic external heart massage or obstetrical delivery within the previous 10 days
• Another stroke or serious head trauma within the preceding 3 months
• Major surgery or significant trauma in past 3 month
• Urinary tract hemorrhage within the previous 21 days
• Documented ulcerative gastrointestinal disease during the last 3 months, esophageal varices, arterial-aneurysm, arterial/venous malformations • Neoplasm with increased bleeding risk
• Severe liver disease, including hepatic failure, cirrhosis, portal hypertension (esophageal varices) and active hepatitis
• Current therapy with intravenous or subcutaneous heparin or oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin sodium) to rise the clotting time
• Known hereditary or acquired hemorrhagic diathesis, baseline INR greater than 1.5, aPTT more than 1.5 times normal, or baseline platelet count less than 100,000 per cubic millimeter
• Baseline blood glucose concentrations below 50 mg per deciliter (2.75 mm/L) or above 400 mg per deciliter
• Hemorrhagic retinopathy, e.g. in diabetes (vision disturbances may indicate hemorrhagic retinopathy)
• Any history of prior stroke and concomitant diabetes
• Prior stroke within the last 3 months
• Known contrast sensitivity
• Severe uncontrolled hypertension defined by a blood pressure ≥ 185 mmHg systolic or diastolic ≥ 110 mm Hg in 3 separate occasions at least 10 minutes apart or requiring continuous IV therapy
• Prognosis very poor regardless of therapy; likely to be dead within months.
• Unlikely to be available for follow-up (e.g., no fixed home address, visitor from overseas).Any other condition which local investigators feels would pose a significant hazard in terms of risk/benefit to the patient, or if therapies are impracticable.

Computed tomographic (CT) scan exclusion criteria

• Intracranial tumors except small meningioma
• Hemorrhage of any degree
• Acute infarction (since this may be an indicator that the time of onset is uncorrected