Investigation of the Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease in Terms of Blood Parameters

Measurement of the depth of a sulcus or periodontal pocket determined by measuring distance from a gingival margin to the base of the sulcus or pocket with a calibrated periodontal probe.

The number obtained by dividing the sum of the positive areas by the sum of the examined areas is multiplied by 100 and the value obtained is expressed as the percentage of bleeding at probing (BOP%).

It is the calculation of the area of ulcerated periodontal pockets showing bleeding on probing based on the periodontal epithelial surface area.

Clinical attachment level (CAL) is a more reliable indicator of periodontal support around a tooth than probing depth alone, as it is measured from a fixed anatomical landmark-the cementoenamel junction (CEJ)-which remains constant over time.

Calculating CAL requires two measurements: the distance from the gingival margin to the CEJ and the probing depth.

In cases of gingival recession, CAL is calculated by adding the probing depth to the distance from the gingival margin to the CEJ.

In cases of gingival overgrowth, CAL is determined by subtracting the distance from the gingival margin to the CEJ from the probing depth.

The presence or absence of plaque is determinant, recorded as (+) in the presence of plaque or (-) in the absence of plaque, and the percentage of the entire mouth affected by plaque is expressed as a percentage (P%).

Recording the number of teeth present

White blood cell (WBC) count measures the total number of leukocytes in peripheral blood, usually expressed as cells per microliter (cells/µL). WBC is essential for evaluating immune status, infections, and inflammatory conditions.

Neutrophil count measures the absolute number of neutrophils in peripheral blood, typically expressed as cells per microliter (cells/µL). Neutrophils play a critical role in innate immune defense, especially against bacterial infections.

Lymphocyte count measures the absolute number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, typically expressed as cells per microliter (cells/µL). Lymphocytes are essential for adaptive immune responses and immune memory.

Monocyte count measures the absolute number of monocytes in peripheral blood, typically expressed as cells per microliter (cells/µL). Monocytes are key cells in immune response, inflammation, and tissue repair.

Eosinophil count measures the absolute number of eosinophils in peripheral blood, typically expressed as cells per microliter (cells/µL). Eosinophils are involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections.

Basophil count measures the absolute number of basophils in peripheral blood, usually expressed as cells per microliter (cells/µL). Basophils are involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.

The percentage of neutrophils represents the proportion of neutrophils among total white blood cells, expressed as a percentage (%). Neutrophils are key players in innate immune response and bacterial defense.

The percentage of lymphocytes indicates the proportion of lymphocytes among total white blood cells, expressed as a percentage (%). Lymphocytes are essential for adaptive immune responses.

The percentage of monocytes represents the proportion of monocytes among total white blood cells, expressed as a percentage (%). Monocytes play a critical role in immune response, inflammation, and tissue repair.

The percentage of eosinophils indicates the proportion of eosinophils among total white blood cells, expressed as a percentage (%). Eosinophils play key roles in allergic responses and parasitic infections.

The percentage of basophils represents the proportion of basophils among total white blood cells, usually expressed as a percentage (%). Basophils are involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.

Platelet count (PLT) measures the number of platelets in a given volume of blood, expressed in thousands per microliter (×10³/μL). It is essential for assessing clotting function, bleeding disorders, and inflammatory status.

Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) measures the variability in platelet size, reflecting platelet heterogeneity. It is used to assess platelet activation, production disorders, and systemic inflammatory conditions.

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets in the blood and is expressed in femtoliters (fL). It reflects platelet activation and production and is used to assess platelet-related disorders and systemic inflammation.

Plateletcrit (PCT) represents the volume percentage of platelets in the blood and is calculated by multiplying the platelet count by the mean platelet volume. It reflects platelet mass and is used to assess platelet-related disorders and systemic inflammatory status.

Red blood cell (RBC) count measures the number of erythrocytes in a given volume of blood, typically expressed in million cells per microliter (×10⁶/μL). It is used to assess oxygen transport capacity, anemia, and overall hematologic health.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin concentration is measured in g/dL and is commonly used to assess anemia and systemic health status.

Hematocrit (HCT) represents the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by red blood cells. It is used to evaluate oxygen-carrying capacity, anemia status, and hydration level.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicates the average size of red blood cells and is expressed in femtoliters (fL). It is used to classify types of anemia.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) represents the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. It is commonly used to classify types of anemia.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) reflects the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells and is expressed in g/dL. It is used to assess anemia types.

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) reflects the variability in size of circulating red blood cells. It is considered a potential marker of inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronic disease burden.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count. It serves as a marker of systemic inflammation and immune system balance

Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR) is the ratio of monocyte count to lymphocyte count in peripheral blood. It is used as a marker of systemic inflammation and immune system balance in various diseases.

The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a systemic inflammation marker calculated by dividing the absolute platelet count by the absolute lymphocyte count.

It is a biomarker that evaluates the immune system and inflammation together. PIV= (Neutrophils × Monocytes × Platelets) / Lymphocytes

It is a parameter reflecting systemic inflammation and immune response. SII= (Neutrophil × Platelet) / Lymphocyte

It shows the ratio between the haemoglobin level and the distribution width of red blood cells.

HRR= Hemoglobin / RDW

The SMMT is used to quantitatively assess cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease patients. The maximum score of the SMMT is 30, of which 10 points correspond to orientation questions, 3 points to recording memory, 5 points to attention and calculation, 3 points to recall and 9 points to language.

The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale is used to stage different types of dementia, especially Alzheimer-type dementia.

Stage I: Mild, Satege II: Moderate, Stage III: Severe