Impact of Regular Consumption of Eggs and Nutrients Fortified Eggs on Eczema Condition in Singapore Individuals

SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) Index is a clinical tool used to assess the severity of atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema. This index can estimate participants' body surface area affected by burns (extent - A: percentage of body surface area affected), Intensity (B: clinical signs are assessed and scored on a scale from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe)), Subjective Symptoms (C: itch, sleep disturbance are evaluated based on the participants' report over the past three days, each scored on a scale from 0 (no symptom) to 10(severe symptom)).

The SCORAD index is calculated using the following formula:

SCORAD=A/5+7B/2+C

Interpretation Mild atopic dermatitis: SCORAD < 25 Moderate atopic dermatitis: SCORAD 25-50 Severe atopic dermatitis: SCORAD > 50

EASI evaluates the extent and severity of eczema in four body regions: the head and neck, the trunk, the upper limbs, and the lower limbs.

The EASI score ranges from 0 to 72, with higher scores indicating more severe eczema:

0: No eczema 1-7: Mild eczema 8-21: Moderate eczema 22-50: Severe eczema 51-72: Very severe eczema

DLQI is a dermatology-specific instrument used to measure the impact of skin diseases on patients' quality of life. Which assessed disease impact, monitor treatment effectiveness, guide clinical decision-making.

Interpretation of Scores:

0-1: No effect on patient's life 2-5: Small effect on patient's life 6-10: Moderate effect on patient's life 11-20: Very large effect on patient's life 21-30: Extremely large effect on patient's life

Skin hydration - units arbitrary Corneometer®. Transepidermal water loss - units gram/hour. Sebum level - unit µg/cm2. Skin pH level - skin pH meter. Skin tape stripping: stratum corneum components assessed by immune dot blots

Skin carotenoids concentration can be measured by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, unit is skin carotenoid score, higher score means optimal, lower score means poor condition of skin carotenoids.

Blood carotenoids levels can be measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, unit is μmol/L.

A measurement of macular pigment of the eye using a heterochromatic flicker photometry device. The measurements are in arbitrary units.

Participants will read out letters on a ETDRS LogMAR chart at a fixed distance where letters becomes smaller as it goes down the chart. Tests results will be recorded in number of letters read, where the more letters the better the outcome.

An ophthalmoscope will be used to shine a light into the participants eye for 10 seconds, and participants will be required to read letters off a chart the moment their vision returns to normal. The faster the recovery time, the better the outcome. Units will be in seconds

A questionnaire to for participants to self-evaluate their perception of their current eye health based on general vision, ocular pain, near activities, distance activities, vision specific functions, driving, color vision and peripheral vision. The best possible score is 100 and worst possible score is 0.

The blood obtained from the participants will be processed for storage. Tumor necrosis factor-α results will be presented in ng/L according to the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.

The blood obtained from the participants will be processed for storage. Interleukin-6 results will be presented in ng/L according to the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.

The blood obtained from the participants will be processed for storage. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein results will be obtained and presented in mg/L by commercial lab testing.

Fasting blood glucose will be measured using commercial lab testing using participants' blood, units will be in mmol/L.

The blood obtained from the participants will be processed for storage. Analyses of malondialdehyde using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Units for malondialdehyde will be in ng/L according to assay kit instructions.

The blood obtained from the participants will be processed for storage. Analyses of 8-isoprostaglandin-F2α using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Units for 8-isoprostaglandin-F2α will be in µmol/L according to assay kit instructions.

Fasting blood insulin will be measured using commercial lab testing using participants' blood, units in μU/L.

Glycated hemoglobin will be measured using commercial lab testing from participant's blood, units in percent.

Measurement of skin advanced glycation end products level using a skin autofluorescence device, where participants wlll be instructed to place their forearm over the device and a light will be shone and a reading can be captured by detecting fluorescence. The results will be presented as arbitrary units.

Participants will have their blood drawn by medical professionals at the Occupational Health Clinic. The blood will be processed and stored. Measurements will be done using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry techniques to determine the levels of advanced glycation end products. Units will be in μg/mL.

3-day food record will be used to assess participants' dietary intake for two weekdays and one weekend day before each clinical visit.

Height will be measured using height-weight scale and units will be in cm.

A blood pressure monitoring device available commercially will be used be to measure their systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Unit is mmHg.

Weight will be measured using height-weight scale and units will be in kg.

Waist circumference will be measured using a measuring tape by a trained personnel, units in cm.