Home Detox in Medication Overuse Headache (MOH) During Covid-19 Emergency

Background and significance Medication Overuse Headache (MOH) is a disabling pain syndrome with a prevalence of 2% in the general population, and which affects patients suffering from primary headaches, mainly those with Chronic Migraine (CM). This condition is very difficult to treat. The literature of the last decades confirmed the need to stop overuse through withdrawal (or detoxification programs) as an essential step in the treatment strategy , and high rates of successful outcomes are reported by several studies and reviews, although not all patients receiving treatment are able to stop MO or to reduce significantly the frequency of headaches. Remission rates range from 60% to 83% in studies with a 1-year follow-up, with an average relapse rate into MOH of 32.8% in a review on several studies from different countries, which is similar to the relapse into CM of 21.5% and into MOH of 33.9% found in a sample from our group . Literature data showed that patients need to be carefully followed after withdrawal to avoid relapses in overuse and to improve the clinical benefit, adding anti-migraine prophylaxi . Furthermore, different clinical experiences confirmed the effectiveness of interventions based on out-patient withdrawal programs and education and support to the correct use of medications to patients, and published evidence - also from our research group - supports the role of standardized behavioural approaches . The aspect of feasibility of these treatments is not regularly reported in published studies, but it can be estimated that a proportion of patients discontinue the treatment protocols, with a drop-out rate around 15-20% at one year from withdrawal., as it was 11% after 6 months, and 18% after 1 year in the seminal study by Katsarawa et al, and 9% after one year from withdrawal in a previous study from our research group . According to our protocols at the Headache Center, the withdrawal program is performed at hospital, either in an in-patient setting or in day-hospital setting. This program includes abrupt interruption of the overused drugs, intravenous therapy, educational support, rescue treatments for severe headaches, and prescription of a specific pharmacological prophylaxis for migraine prevention. Furthermore, standardized behavioural therapies are used during the treatment period, and during the follow up, particularly by approaches based on mindfulness practice - which usually delivered in groups of 4 - 8 patients . This approach may be particularly useful in helping patients to obtain a better outcome. All the above discussed considerations are even more relevant in this emergency situation due to the Corona-virus pandemic phenomenon in Italy, with its consequences on mobility of patients and clinical practice. In order to promote different modalities to respond to the needs of patients suffering from this disabling condition during the emergency, exercise-based telemedicine and smartphone applications seem very appropriate, as they have been recently tested in the management of chronic pain conditions . This preliminary study will be performed considering that the Covid-19 emergency reduced significantly our possibility to hospitalize patients for withdrawal treatments as well as the mobility of patients, particularly those living in other Italian regions than Lombardy, and in view of providing an effective and somewhat innovative treatment program for MOH and CM patients. The proposed treatment intervention is based on our experience, and on published reports, but it specifically includes a home based withdrawal program, several visits performed as Video calls, and educational and support strategies aimed to develop skills to reduce overuse and to cope with pain by a standardized behavioural approach based on mindfulness - which will be delivered mainly by telemedicine and smartphone applications. The aim of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility and the effectiveness at long-term on relevant outcomes of a specific protocol, designed to be appropriate during the emergency situation due to COVID-19 epidemic, by an approach that is alternative to current practice, particularly as far as avoiding the need for hospitalization, reducing face-to-face hospital visits taking advantage of facilities offered by new technologies, besides including innovative and emerging treatment choices, namely a behavioural approach base on mindfulness.

Inclusion criteria

age >18 yrs diagnosis of MOH and CM (1) written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

co-existent severe medical or psychiatric illnesses, documented by specific previous diagnoses seizures use of opioids