Haemodynamic Effects of Dobutamine in Patients With Wild-type Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTRwt)

AIMS

• To investigate the hemodynamic effects of increasing dosages of dobutamine infusion on cardiac output and filling pressures in patients with symptomatic ATTRwt, assessed simultaneously by right heart catheterization (RHC) and echocardiography.
• To assess the safety of dobutamine infusion in ATTRwt patients.

HYPOTHESIS

• Dobutamine infusion can increase myocardial contractility significantly in patients with symptomatic ATTRwt
• Dobutamin infusion can cause a significant decrease in the left ventricular filling pressure, as expressed by the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) and/or mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP)
• Dobutamine is well-tolerated and safe to use in symptomatic ATTRwt patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population Symptomatic participants with ATTRwt, age ≥ 65 years, who have reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and/or stroke volume index (SVI), without significant valvular diseases or severe coronary artery diseases.

Study design

Eligible patients will be assessed on the trial day (one day) as following:

Step1; Baseline assessment: Blood pressure, pulse and ECG will be obtained. All participants will also undergo a comprehensive resting transthoracic echocardiographic assessment according to current guidelines.

Step 2; Invasive right heart catheterization (RHC): The subjects will be instructed not to eat for 6 hours and not to drink for 2 hours before the procedure. RHC will be performed in the cardiac invasive laboratory using right internal jugular vein access. Rarely, right femoral vein access will be used, if the right internal jugular vein is difficult to canulate, as a result of anatomical anomalies or local skin or muscle deformities. A 7 Fr sheath will be inserted in the vein aseptic, and ultrasound guided in local anaesthesia. Subsequently, a pulmonary catheter (Swan-Ganz) will be advanced through the sheath guided by pressure waves and fluoroscopy, through the right atrium, the right ventricle, and ultimately in a stable position in the pulmonary artery (PA). The standard Swan-Ganz catheter is equipped with an inflatable balloon at the tip, which facilitates its placement into the PA through the flow of blood. The balloon, when inflated, causes the catheter to "wedge" in a small pulmonary blood vessel. While wedged, the catheter can provide an indirect measurement of the mean left atrium pressure. Central oxygenation of the blood (SvO2) will be assessed from blood taken from the pulmonary artery at rest and at peak dobutamine infusion according to the protocol.

The PA catheter location will be confirmed with fluoroscopy before leaving the laboratory and both the sheath and the catheter will be fixed to the skin.

RHC is performed using a standard 7 Fr triple lumen Swan-Ganz catheter (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California, USA).

The following parameters will be measured by RHC:

• PAWP
• Mean right atrial pressure
• Systolic and diastolic PA pressure
• mPAP
• CO All pressures at rest are measured at end-expiration as the average of five measurements. CO is measured using thermodilution method and indexed to body surface area as the Cardiac Index (CI). . At baseline and peak infusion, CO will be the average of 3-4 measurements with <10% variance; at intermediate dobutamine levels, 1-2 measurements will be taken as time allows. SV is calculated as CO divided by heart rate.

Step 3; Dobutamine challenge:

Dobutamine infusion will be performed with a stepwise dobutamine dosage increase every 5 minutes (2,3,5,10,20 ug/kg/min). Dobutamine dosage will only be increased to 40 ug/kg/min in participants with ongoing beta-blocker treatment to ensure an appropriate dobutamine response. As dobutamine and its metabolites are excreted renally, the dose will be reduced to max 10 ug/kg/min in participants with eGFR below 30 mL/min/1,73 m2 (See appendix 1 for more information about dosage, administration and mixing of dobutamine). Echocardiography, blood pressure, heart rate, and invasive pressure and flow measurements will be obtained before the infusion starts, at each infusion stage, and during the recovery period after the infusion is stopped. At each dobutamine infusion level, a stabilization period of 3 min is planned before echocardiographic image acquisition and haemodynamic measurements are obtained. Echocardiographic analysis will be performed later, blinded from the clinical and invasive data in a random order, to minimize the risk of bias.

Step 4; Recovery period: The pulmonary catheter and sheath will be removed after a-five minute recovery period, right after obtaining the final images and invasive measurements. The participants will be observed for 2 hours after the end of the test and will be discharged if no complications arise.

The investigators expect the study will last for about 6-7 hours, including preparations, waiting time, the procedures themselves and the observation period.

Inclusion criteria

• ATTRwt, diagnosis confirmed by genetic testing, 99mTc-3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid (DPD) scintigraphy and/or endomyocardial biopsy.
• Treated with loop diuretics.
• New York Heart Association class II-IV.
• Age ≥ 65 years.
• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50 % and/or SVI assessed by echocardiography < 35 ml/m2.
• Thorough oral and written informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion criteria

• Moderate to severe aortic stenosis (participants with aortic sclerosis will not be excluded).
• Other significant valvular diseases.
• Known severe coronary artery diseases: left main stem stenosis or 3-vessel disease, or recent acute myocardial infarction (< 4 weeks).
• Contraindications to the use of dobutamine: Known allergy to dobutamine or sulfite, phaeochromocytoma or ventricular tachycardia (VT).
• End stage renal disease (eGFR of less than 15 mL/min/1,73 m2).