Gastroschisis Outcomes of Delivery (GOOD) Study

Gastroschisis is the most common congenital abdominal wall abnormality in which the intestines are outside of body floating in the amniotic fluid. This is diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound at 18-20 weeks gestation. Gastroschisis occurs in 1 out of every 4000 births and the incidence is increasing. The majority of patients with gastroschisis have an uncomplicated neonatal course and recover well after surgical repair. However, subsets of gastroschisis patients have more complicated courses due to loss of intestine or blockages of the intestine These infants have a higher risk of death and long-term morbidity. Additionally, gastroschisis patients have an increased risk of in-utero fetal demise or stillbirth.

The potential risk of pregnancy loss late in the third trimester has prompted some physicians to deliver gastroschisis patients prior to term. This results in an increased chance of additional prematurity-related complications. There is no consensus about the ideal time to deliver a baby with gastroschisis and practice patterns vary widely. It is unclear which offers the fetus a chance at a better outcome: early delivery to mitigate risk of stillbirth and intestinal injury versus delivery closer to term.

Retrospective data published show inconsistent results on outcomes with early delivery or later gestational age delivery in gastroschisis. There have been two randomized, prospective trials with delivery early versus awaiting spontaneous labor. The first included 42 patients rendering the study largely underpowered. There was a trend towards decreased length of hospital stay and earlier time to full enteral feeding in the early delivery group, but this did not reach statistical significance. The latest study was stopped early because of futility and an increased risk of sepsis in the early group. There was no increase in sepsis in the early group in the first trial, and the study design of this trial varies greatly from both studies.

Standard delivery times for uncomplicated gastroschisis are between 34 and 39 weeks gestation. As the current available literature does not adequately answer the question of optimal gestational age of delivery in patients with gastroschisis, the objective of this study is to investigate the hypothesis that delivery at 35 0/7 - 35 6/7 weeks in stable patients with gastroschisis is superior to observation and expectant management with a goal of delivery at 38 0/7 - 38 6/7 weeks. To test this hypothesis, we will complete a randomized, prospective, multi-institutional trial. Patients may be enrolled in the study any time prior to 33 weeks but will be randomized at 33 weeks to delivery at 35 weeks or observation with a goal of 38 weeks. The primary outcome will be based on a weighted composite comprised of intrauterine fetal demise, neonatal/infant death prior to discharge, respiratory morbidity, gastrointestinal morbidity, and sepsis. We will compare the rates of the composite outcome as well as the individual components to determine whether a significant difference between the two strategies can be detected. Secondary maternal outcomes include need for labor induction, need for cesarean section, and complications of delivery including infection, blood transfusions, and thromboembolic events. We will also evaluate antenatal test values, such as amniotic fluid index, estimated fetal weight, and intra- and extra-abdominal bowel dilation. Secondary neonatal outcomes include birth and discharge weight, central venous catheter days, sepsis, intestinal atresia, necrotizing enterocolitis, time to enteral autonomy, individual components of respiratory morbidity, need for caffeine, and length of stay.

Given the unprecedented patient data being collected for the randomized trial, we plan to leverage the infrastructure built for this study to generate the largest prospective, multicenter database of gastroschisis-related (maternal, fetal, and neonatal) outcomes in the United States. The database will provide data for future development of both hypotheses and study design regarding gastroschisis-related outcomes. The associated biobank will collect blood from the neonatal participants to be stored and analyzed in future research.

Inclusion criteria

To be eligible for study inclusion, subjects are required to meet the following criteria:

• Speak English or Spanish
• Age of ≥18 years old
• Have a diagnosis of an isolated fetal gastroschisis confirmed via sonogram at ≤33 weeks gestation
• Have a singleton pregnancy
• Capable of providing written informed consent for study participation
• Established Estimated Date of Confinement (EDC) prior to 22 0/7 weeks GA by last menstrual period (LMP) with ultrasound confirmation or ultrasound dating when LMP is unknown.

Exclusion criteria

Subjects will be excluded from enrollment for any of the following criteria

• Fetal anomaly unrelated to gastroschisis, such as a chromosomal abnormality or another congenital structural abnormality (if known; no additional testing required for research participation)
• Severe intrauterine growth restriction / fetal growth restriction (defined as growth below the 5th percentile for gestational age)
• Maternal history of previous stillbirth (intrauterine fetal demise)
• Maternal history of spontaneous preterm (<36 weeks) delivery
• Maternal cervical length < 25 mm prior to 24 weeks of gestation if documented
• Maternal hypertension
• Maternal insulin-dependent diabetes
• Prenatal care initiated after 24 weeks of gestation
• An active case of COVID-19 (confirmed by a positive test for COVID-19) that is not recovered (confirmed by a negative test for COVID-19) by the date of randomization
• Unstable pregnancy defined as meeting any of the following criteria

• Abnormal amniotic fluid volume defined as oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios where the maximal vertical pocket (MVP) is < 2 cm or > 8 cm in the third trimester, respectively
• Umbilical artery Dopplers with S/D ratio or resistive index (RI) > 97th percentile for age with or without absent or reversed end diastolic flow
• Non-stress test (NST) or biophysical profile (BPP) deemed non-reassuring by treating clinician
• Concurrent enrollment in another study that requires either a treatment or intervention which would either alter the delivery plan or potentially influence the maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes of this study
• Traditional surrogacy, gestational surrogacy, gestational carrier, or gestational surrogate
• Incapable of providing informed consent
• Are not their own legally authorized representative.