Forced Lefthandedness in Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy (NBPP) Children

Medical Research Council Scale (MRC-scale) : score 0-5 ; 0 : no muscle contraction (worse) to 5 : normal power (better)

Grip Strength (E-link) : Percent of the norm : higher = better

Active Movement scale (AMS): score 0-7 ; 0: no contraction to 7 : full motion

Semmes-Weinstein monofilament ( normal- abnormal)

Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EDI) : Lateralization index: -100 (pure lefthander) to +100 (pure righthander)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Kinematic movement analysis (kinematic angels, kinetic forces, movement patterns)

actual, implicit hand representation by drawings : mm

the Pediatric Outcome Data Collecting Instrument - dutch version

• The PODCI consists of 5 domains: Upper Extremity and Physical Function, Transfers and Basic Mobility, Sports and Physical Functioning, Pain/Comfort, and Happiness. The "Global Functioning Score" is a mean of all domains except Happiness. The PODCI divides the ages into 2 groups: ages 2 to 10 years, which is filled out by the parent/guardian only, and ages 11 to 18 years, which has a questionnaire to be filled out by both the parents/guardians and the child. A raw score is created both for each domain and for the Global score, and can be compared with a normative standard

KIDSCREEN-52- dutch version : questionnaire of 52 items to be answered by the child/adolescent assessing Health related Quality of Life. • The KIDSCREEN items use 5-point Likert-type scale. Rasch scores are computed for each dimension and transformed into T-values with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10; higher scores indicate better HRQoL and well-being.KIDSCREEN-52 T scores refer to the mean values and standard deviations from a multinational European sample

The Children's Hand-use Experience Questionnaire (CHEQ) is an online questionnaire for children from 6 to 18 years with unilateral upper limb impairment. It is designed to measure children's own experiences when using the affected hand in common daily life activities requiring use of both hands.For children below the age of 13 years, it is recommended that parents act as proxy. CHEQ is a computer-adaptive online questionnaire consisting of 29 items; available free of charge via the website (www.cheq.se). Three scales are used to measure the grasp efficacy when both hands are involved, time utilization when performing the activity compared with peers, and experience of feeling bothered while performing the activities independently. CHEQ scales are rated on a four-point ordinal scale and raw scores can be transformed by Rasch analysis to logits and further into a 0-100 CHEQ-units;Higher scores indicate a better grasp, less time taken, and greater satisfaction.

Assisting Hand assessments (AHA). The AHA is used to score object-related hand actions observed during a semi-structured test situation (10-20min) that elicits the use of both hands and which is suitable for different age groups.A transformation table of raw scores to interval-level 'AHA units' is available. (0-100). The higher the score the more the hand is properly used as assisted hand

The Melbourne Assessment is based on 16 items comprising tasks that are representative of the most important components of unilateral upper limb function (reach, grasp, release, and manipulate). Most items are further subdivided in two to four sub-items that represent an aspect of the required movement, such as range of movement, fluency, target accuracy, speed, and quality of movement. The total score can range from 0 to 122 points and can be converted to a percentage. The higher the score, the better the unilateral limb function

The Purdue Pegboard Test is designed to assess fine motor hand function. This assessment involves a series of four subtests that consist of placing small pins into holes on a pegboard and assembling pins and washers. The subsets for preferred, non-preferred, and both hands require the patient to place the pins in the holes as quickly as possible, with the score being the number of pins placed in 30 s. Aged normed data are available.

mallet scale of shoulder function : 8 items. In the Mallet score, shoulder movements are graded on a scale from 1 (no motion) to 5 (normal motion equal to that in the unaffected side), resulting in a maximum total score of 40. A Mallet subscore of 4 or better is considered to be good shoulder function

Brachial plexus outcome measure (BPOM) :The BPOM is a, disease-specific, functional upper extremity assessment for children with NBPP. It has 2 subscales: Activity and Self-evaluation. The BPOM Activity subscale has 11 items, and each item is scored between 1 and 5 on an ordinal scale. A score of1 indicates that the task cannot be completed, and a score of 5 indicates that the task can be completed with normal movement pattern. The Activity subscale contains 3 parts: (1) shoulder, (2) elbow and forearm, and (3) wrist, finger, and thumb. The BPOM Self-evaluation subscale consists of 2 visual analog scales to evaluate the working of the arm and hand and 1 visual analog scale to evaluate the appearance of the arm and hand of the child. Several categories and items are evaluated simultaneously, and each score is calculated separately to define the function

Wechsler intelligence Scale for children: a short form consisting of subtests : (picture completion (PC), Vocabulary (V), Block Design (BD) and Similarities (S))of the WISC-III to estimate participant's intelligence.

The subtest scores of the short form were transformed into deviation IQs (DIQ), based on mean intercorrelations from the standardization sample (Wechsler, 1991).

• Classification : volgens DIQ

• < of = 89 : below average
• 90 of = 109 : average
• 110 of > : above average

electromyography (EMG)

Vlaamse schrijftest : norms per age