Feasibility of Real-Time Visual Feedback in Augmented Reality to Reduce Gait Asymmetry Post-Stroke

For the ratio calculation, the mean step length values from the left and right sides will be used, with the larger value placed in the numerator to ensure that all individual ratios are >1.0. A ratio of 1.0 will indicate perfect symmetry. We will compare the step length ratio (SLR)

Comparison of walking speed (product of step length and cadence) in meter per second

Comparison of step width in meter

Gait cycle duration percentages (single support phase, corresponding to the contralateral swing phase, and double support phase) in percentage

For the trunk and pelvis, we will measure the maximum range of motion in the sagittal and frontal planes in Degree

For the hip and knee, we will measure in the sagittal plane the peak extension during stance, the peak flexion during swing, and the maximum range of motion. in Degree

For the ankle, we will measure in the sagittal plane the peak dorsiflexion at initial contact and during swing, as well as the peak plantarflexion at the end of double support uring the gait cycle. In degree

Participant's comments and observations collected using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) Questionnaire, which considers different dimensions such as affective attitude, perceived effectiveness, ethicality and opportunity cost. It comprises 8 items rated from 1 to 5. Minimum value is 8 and maximum value is 40. A higher score is associated with better outcomes.

Participants' responses will be collected using the Single Ease Question (SEQ) questionnaire, which assesses task difficulty on a scale from 1 (very difficult) to 7 (very easy). The questionnaire consists of a single item, with higher scores indicating better usability.

The Virtual Embodiment Questionnaire (VEQ) is a quantitative measure of the degree to which a person experiences a sense of embodiment in a virtual body within a virtual reality environment. The score is obtained by summing responses to the questionnaire items, which assess three key components of embodiment: body ownership (5 items), agency (5 items), and changes in body schema (6 items). For each item, participants indicate their level of agreement on a 7-point scale, where 1 corresponds to "strongly disagree" and 7 to "strongly agree." A higher score reflects a greater sense of virtual embodiment.

The Holistic Presence Questionnaire (HPQ) is a quantitative measure of presence, assessing telepresence, internal and external plausibility, and perceived behavioral and cognitive affordances within a mediated environment in five items. For each item, participants indicate their level of agreement on a 7-point scale, where 1 corresponds to "strongly disagree" and 7 to "strongly agree." A higher score reflects a greater sense of presence in the virtual environment.

The " Fast Motion Sickness Questionnaire " is a single-item verbal self-assessment scale ranging from 0 (no cybersickness) to 20 (severe cybersickness). A higher score indicates greater cybersickness