Exercise Training in Patients With Glaucoma

Approximately 57.5 million people are affected by primary open-angle glaucoma, and it is estimated that this number will increase to 111.8 million by 2040. Despite the high prevalence and critical outlook of the disease, the pathogenesis of glaucoma is still not fully understood and treatment options remain inadequate. In particular, for glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure, there is as yet no evidence-based effective treatment option. This particular type of glaucoma may, in part, be the result of impaired microvascular endothelial function. Physical training has a proven effect on vascular health; because glaucoma involves a vascular component, positive effects of high-intensity interval training can be assumed. Thus, it could be an effective treatment for glaucoma disease.

Patients will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Patients assigned to the intervention group will participate in a 6-month exercise training program followed by a 6-months non-supervised and home-based physical activity maintenance program. During the first 6 months, patients in the intervention group participate in 18 supervised exercise sessions at the DSBG, interspersed by unsupervised exercise interventions at home.

All patients will be seen at baseline, after three months and six months of aerobic exercise training, and after another six months of physical activity and exercise self-maintenance (intervention group) or control condition. Each subject will be asked to undergo standard ophthalmic examination, non-invasive retinal assessments, peripheral blood withdrawal, and additional peripheral vascular examinations. The study design is based on regular glaucoma follow-up intervals (every 6 months) and does not intervene with clinical care and governmental reimbursement of standard care. Patients will finish their study participation after 6 months of exercise training followed by 6 months of physical activity and exercise self-maintenance or control condition.

Inclusion criteria

• Voluntary written informed consent of the participant has been obtained prior to any screening procedures
• Patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), high tension glaucoma (HTG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG), aged 40 - 75 years
• In regular follow-up in either of the two study centres

Exclusion criteria

• Patients having had glaucoma surgery within 6 months before start of the project
• Patients with changes in topical medication or laser trabeculoplasty within 3 months before start of the project
• Patients with very severe glaucoma (visual field mean deviation lower than -12Db)
• Significant opacification of ocular media
• Patients with life-threatening arrhythmia, signs of ischemia during CPET which preclude participation in an exercise trial
• Patients with insulin treated diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cancer.
• Patients doing ≥1 structured exercise training session per week or >150min of exercise/week assessed via the following two questions: a. On average, how many days per week do you engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity (like brisk walking)? b. On average, how many minutes per day do you engage in physical activity at this level? Calculate the total weekly minutes of exercise by multiplying a times b.
• Mental or physical limitation precluding participation in a high intensity exercise program