Evaluation of the Ronnie Gardiner Method in Individuals With Stroke in Late Phase of Recovery

The mini-BESTest (Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test) is a shortened version of the BESTest, designed to assess balance and functional mobility, especially in individuals with neurological or musculoskeletal conditions. It focuses on balance deficits across domains like postural control, gait, stability, and anticipatory responses. With 14 items compared to the original 36, the mini-BESTest is quicker to administer, making it more practical for clinical use. It evaluates four main balance systems:

• Anticipatory Postural Adjustments: Preparing and adjusting posture for movements.
• Reactive Postural Control: Responding to unexpected balance challenges.
• Sensory Orientation: Using sensory input (like vision and proprioception) for balance.
• Dynamic Gait: Stability and efficiency while walking, including maintaining balance during movement.

Minimum score is 0 points, maximum score is 28 points. Higher scores indicate better balance control.

FES-I is a tool used to assess a person's confidence in performing daily activities without falling. It consists of 16 questions that cover a range of activities, from walking and bathing to social interactions. The scale helps identify individuals who may have a fear of falling, which can impact their participation in everyday life.

Minimum score is 16 points, maximum score is 64 points. A higher score indicates greater concern about falling, and it's commonly used in older adults or individuals at risk of falls to guide interventions aimed at improving balance and reducing fall risk.

The test assesses the ability to recall a read text immediately after it is read aloud and after a few minutes, when another test is conducted (delayed recall).

Measures cognitive flexibility, attention, and response inhibition. It involves naming the color of printed words that may or may not match the color they describe, requiring the individual to suppress automatic reading responses. The test is commonly used to assess executive function, particularly in individuals with neurological conditions. It includes three conditions, and outcomes include reaction time and number of errors. Higher interference scores indicate poorer inhibitory control.

The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test is a neuropsychological assessment used to evaluate visuospatial abilities, memory, attention, and executive function. Individuals are asked to copy a complex geometric figure and later reproduce it from memory after a delay. It is commonly used to assess cognitive impairments in various neurological conditions. Scoring is based on accuracy and placement of figure components. Higher scores indicate better visuospatial memory and organizational performance.

A clinical tool used to assess lower extremity function and mobility in older adults. It includes tests of balance, gait speed, and chair stands to evaluate physical performance. The SPPB is commonly used to predict disability, falls, and overall functional decline.

Minimal score is 0 points, maximum score is 12 points. Higher score indicates better physical function.

The 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) is a quick assessment used to measure walking speed over 10 meters at the individual's self-selected pace. It evaluates functional mobility, gait efficiency, and balance. The test is commonly used to monitor progress and predict functional outcomes in people with neurological or musculoskeletal conditions.

The 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) measures the distance an individual can walk at a self-paced speed over six minutes. It assesses aerobic capacity, endurance, and functional mobility. The test is widely used to evaluate cardiovascular and pulmonary function in clinical and rehabilitation settings. The test measures the distance a person can walk in six minutes on a flat, hard surface, typically a 30-meter course.

The Observational Drinking Task Assessment is used to evaluate upper limb function, motor control, and coordination during a simulated drinking task. The individual is observed while reaching for, grasping, and bringing a cup to the mouth. It is often used in neurological rehabilitation to assess functional use of the affected arm.

Minimal score is 0 points, maximal score is 15 points. Higher scores indicate worse outcome, i.e., more impairments in the upper extremity.

The 9-Hole Peg Test is a standard assessment used to measure finger dexterity and fine motor skills. The individual is required to place and remove pegs from a pegboard as quickly as possible. It is commonly used to assess hand function in individuals with neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or stroke.

The Stroke Impact Scale 16 (SIS-16) is a self-reported questionnaire used to assess the health-related quality of life and functional recovery after a stroke. It consists of 16 items that measure various aspects of physical, emotional, and social functioning. The scale helps track recovery progress and guide rehabilitation in stroke survivors.

Minimal score is 16 points, and maximum is 80. Higher score indicates a better function and lower impact on everyday life.

The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a clinician-administered assessment used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms. It consists of 10 items that assess mood, sleep, appetite, and other emotional and physical symptoms associated with depression. The MADRS is commonly used in clinical settings to monitor treatment progress and assess depression severity.

Minumum score is 0 points, and maximum score is 60. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of depression.

The RAND-36 is a health survey used to assess an individual's overall health-related quality of life. It consists of 36 items that measure eight domains, including physical functioning, emotional well-being, social functioning, and general health perceptions. The RAND-36 is widely used in both clinical and research settings to evaluate health outcomes across various conditions.

Minimal score is 0 points, maximal score is 100 points. Higher values indicate better self-reported health-related quality of life.

The EuroQol 5D 5L (EQ-5D-5L) is a standardized instrument used to assess health-related quality of life. It includes five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, each rated on five levels of severity. The EQ-5D-5L is commonly used in clinical trials, healthcare evaluations, and to measure the impact of treatments on patients' well-being.

Minimal score is 0 on a visual analogue scale, and 100 is maximum. A higher score indicates better health in general. Scores is used to evaluate an interventions cost-effectiveness.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening tool used to assess cognitive function and detect mild cognitive impairment. It evaluates various cognitive domains, including memory, attention, language, visuospatial skills, and executive function. The MoCA is commonly used in clinical settings to identify early signs of cognitive decline, such as in Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative conditions. In our study, it will be used as an inclusion criterion.

Minimal score is 0 points, maximum score is 30 points. In our study, a score of 25 is required to be included in the study. The MoCA is only used as a screening tool at baseline.

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is a tool used to assess an individual's enjoyment of physical activity. It consists of several18 items that measure positive and negative feelings associated with engaging in physical exercise. PACES is commonly used in research and clinical settings to understand motivation and promote long-term adherence to physical activity.

Minimal score is 18 points, and maximum score is 126 points. Higher score indicates higher enjoyment of the intervention.