Evaluation of Sequelae in Permanent Successors Following Traumatic Injuries to Primary Teeth

An observational study of permanent teeth that have enamel defects, coloration, or developmental disruption after primary tooth injury. A control group without history of trauma or dental injury to compare the enamel defect statistics.

Inclusion criteria

• • Children who had experienced TDI-p

• Presence of a permanent tooth germ below the primary teeth
• Children aged between 5 and 12 years, regardless of sex
• Patients and their guardians who agreed to participate in follow-up sessions
• Permanent teeth that had fully erupted according to Von Arx's [16] classification.

Exclusion criteria

• • Children with long-term antibiotic use due to chronic illnesses that could cause enamel hypoplasia

• Children with congenital absence of permanent tooth germs
• Permanent teeth with caries or restorations due to trauma or other causes
• Permanent teeth that had not yet erupted or had only partially erupted
• Children with primary tooth trauma who were unable to attend the follow-up session
• Children with a history of trauma to their permanent teeth
• Children without any history of trauma to primary teeth