Evaluation of a School-based Smoking Prevention and Cessation Programme in Negeri Sembilan

School-based smoking cessation programmes stretched longer than a year had 12% reduction in preventing smoking uptake. With regards to smoking intervention programme among adolescents, there is a lack of evidences regarding its long-term effectiveness. This was due to lack of clear guidelines, methodological issues and the fact that adolescents were likely to be sporadic or non-daily smoker, leading to discrepancies in their self-reported claim. Adolescent's smoking relapse rate was at 47% while those who never smoke have a 13% chance to become smoker. Light and regular smokers have 30% and 75% chance becoming an adult smoker respectively. A review paper in smoking research in Malaysia showed that the provision of anti-smoking education in school was associated with reduced susceptibility in female smoking.Male students perceived printable media, radio and the Internet as effective in delivering anti-smoking messages.School-based smoking cessation programme has been shown to be cost-effective in helping the students to quit smoking both in developed and developing countries.For this reason, it is essential to explore what are the factors that amplify the success rate of smoking cessation effect of the KOTAK programme.

Completed

Looking for future studies?

Notify Me

Key information

Conditions

Smoking Behavior

Age range

13 year–17 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, 50603, Malaysia

About this study

Through this study the investigators will seek to answer the following questions:

To determine the quit-smoking rate of the KOTAK programme
To determine the factors associated with quitting smoking with the KOTAK programme

Important aspects of the KOTAK programme evaluation will involve assessing its impacts on preventing smoking initiation and promoting smoking cessation among the adolescents. This form of assessment is vital in achieving the KOTAK's objectives to reduce the prevalence of smokers in Malaysian schools. An average of 8 hours of training were required for dental officers and dental nurses to deliver the modules in the KOTAK programme. This programme has an important financial implication as it involved almost 4 thousand dental officers and 3 thousand dental nurses to screen almost 4.6 million Malaysian schoolchildren in 2018.

Factors yielding promising results for adolescents to quit smoking are important to be researched. This will provide us with valuable insights from the perspectives of the stakeholders pertaining on areas that needed improvement. Despite the existence of various tobacco-prevention program in public schools, KOTAK is deemed significant as it is a yearly collaboration of School Dental Services with the schools. This study will compare the quit smoking rate between Intervention (with KOTAK Programme) and Control (without KOTAK programme ) schools. The sampling unit was the school.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Smoker, medically fit and consented (parental) students enrolled in;

Public funded school
Daily school
Non- same gendered schools (co-ed )
Multiracial school

Exclusion criteria

Students who were a smoker enrolled in;

Private schools
Boarding school
Same-gendered school
Vernacular schools

Treatment and study plan

School-based smoking prevention and cessation program (The KOTAK program)

Behavioral

Advance Intervention: Following the screening process, this intervention package was inclusive of group-briefing for the smokers in at least 3 subsequent sessions in one academic year. The content delivered by the dentist were based on the KOTAK guidebook consisted of 8 Modules.The modules were as follows:

Introduction: Identifying students who smoke
Cigarette and addiction
The danger of smoking and passive smokers
Advantages of smoke-free lifestyle and adolescent perception on smoking
Legal and religious perception of smoking
The benefits of smoking cessation
Preparation and how to stop smoking
Nicotine withdrawal symptom and relapse prevention

The Intervention schools: Screened smokers were given Advanced Intervention sessions. After discussion with the State's oral health deputy director and district's programme coordinator, for the purpose of this study, the interval of the Advance Intervention session was decided at 1-month interval.

Primary outcomes

Self-reported prolonged smoking abstinence for 7 days

Time frame: 6 month follow-up
Prolonged smoking abstinence (self-reported) for 7 days was validated by breath carbon monoxide reading (ppm) and salivary cotinine concentration (ng/ml).

The cut-off points for both clinical measure were as follows;
- Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (ppm) reading; 0-4 CO ppm = non-smoker 5-6 CO ppm = light smoker 7 and above CO ppm = frequent smoker
- Salivary cotinine concentration (ng/mL) Code 0 (0-10 ng/mL)= non-smoker Code 1 (10-30 ng/mL)= light smoker Code 2-3 (30-200 ng/mL)= light smoker Code 4-6 (200- >1000) = heavy smoker

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Malaya

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Evaluation of The KOTAK, a School-based Smoking Prevention and Cessation Programme in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Important dates

Study start: 2019
Primary completion: 2019
Study completion: 2020
First posted: May 7, 2020
Registry last updated: Jun 22, 2020

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

Published trials that share one or more normalized conditions with this study.

Completed