Effects of Swaddling and Nesting on Pain and Stress in Newborns

This study was designed to investigate the effect of swaddling and nesting methods on pain and stress levels in newborns receiving nasal CPAP. The study was planned to be randomized and experimental in nature. The study population will consist of all newborns requiring nasal CPAP/noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the neonatal intensive care unit of a city hospital. The study will consist of two intervention groups. A total of 100 newborn patients (Swaddling group = 50, Nesting group = 50) will be included in the study after obtaining consent from the parents of newborns diagnosed with transient tachypnea, born at 35 weeks of gestation or older, who are receiving nasal CPAP/noninvasive mechanical ventilator treatment in the NICU and meet the inclusion criteria of the study. Environmental conditions that could cause stress to newborns (noise, heat, lighting, etc.) will be kept at optimal levels. When placed on nCPAP, the infant will be placed in the supine position to better observe chest movements and breathing patterns. To ensure the patency of the infant's airway, a slight extension position will be achieved using neck rolls. Respiratory distress in newborns receiving nCPAP, stress due to positive air pressure, and pain caused by the pressure of the nasal cannula on the nostrils will be assessed by two researchers using the ALPS-Neo Neonatal Pain and Stress Assessment Scale (ALPS-Neo). In the swaddling group, saliva samples will be collected before the swaddling method is applied (t1), during application (t2), and 30 minutes after the swaddling method is applied (t3). Heart rate, respiratory rate, partial oxygen pressure values, pain and stress levels (ALPS-Neo) will be recorded by two researchers. In the Nesting Group, saliva samples will also be collected before the Nesting method is applied (t1), during application (t2), and 30 minutes after the wrapping method is applied (t3). Heart rate, respiratory rate, partial oxygen pressure values, pain and stress levels (ALPS-Neo) will be recorded by two researchers. The saliva sample collection process will be performed by removing the cotton roll from the inner tube and holding it by one end under the baby's tongue or in the corners of the mouth (2.5 cm) where saliva can be collected for approximately 2 minutes until the cotton is thoroughly saturated with saliva (0.012-3.000 ug/dL). The roll of cotton will be held by its dry end and the wet part will be placed back into the inner tube, the tube cap will be closed, and barcodes with the patient's name written on them will be affixed to each sample taken. The collected saliva samples will be numbered and stored at -20°C in the refrigerator in the neonatal intensive care unit. On the same day, they will be transferred to the research laboratory (KUYAM) under cold chain conditions with research permission, and the sample size in the study groups will be completed. They will be stored at -80°C until the ELISA study time. The saliva sample collection process will be performed by removing the cotton roll from the inner tube and holding it by one end under the baby's tongue or in the corners of the mouth (2.5 cm) where saliva can be collected for approximately 2 minutes until the cotton is thoroughly saturated with saliva (0.012-3.000 ug/dL). The entire ELISA study will be conducted at the Kütahya Health Sciences University Research Laboratory (KUYAM), and the collected samples will be blinded for the ELISA worker. Saliva samples will be centrifuged again at 1000 g for 2 minutes to remove mucins and other particulate matter that could interfere with antibody binding and affect the results. When all samples have reached room temperature, pipette 25 μL of standard and sample into each well of the 96-well plate included in the kit. Next, add 200 μL of assay diluent to the 96-well plate using a micropipette and incubate at room temperature for 1 hour at 500 rpm. After incubation is complete, wash 4 times with 300 μL of wash buffer. After washing is complete, add 200 μL of TMB Substrate Solution to each well containing the sample and standards and incubate at room temperature in the dark at 500 rpm for 25 minutes. After the incubation process is complete, 50 μL of reaction stop solution will be added to each well. At this point, the reaction in the wells will be observed to turn from green to yellow, and after all wells have turned yellow, a spectrophotometric measurement will be made at a wavelength of 450 nm. Total concentrations will be calculated from the absorbance values for standards and samples, and cortisol levels will be reported in μg/dL.

Inclusion criteria

• Birth week greater than 35 weeks and birth weight greater than 2000 grams
• Requirement for nasal CPAP/noninvasive mechanical ventilation
• Legal guardians' consent to participate in the study
• Postnatal diagnosis of transient tachypnea of the newborn

Exclusion criteria

Mother:

• Taking cortisol-containing medication during the antenatal period
• Taking narcotics during the antenatal period
• Having chorioamnionitis
• Having a metabolic disorder (adrenal insufficiency, etc.)

Newborn:

• Amniotic fluid stained with meconium
• Being intubated
• Having an Apgar score below 6
• Receiving analgesic or narcotic drugs for sedation
• The newborn receiving cortisol-containing medication
• Being unable to obtain a saliva sample or the sample being contaminated with blood
• Signs of nasal injury during noninvasive mechanical ventilation
• Congenital defects (spina bifida, gastroschisis, etc.) that prevent positioning using the swaddling or cradling methods
• Resuscitation
• Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia
• Non-respiratory causes (congenital pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital heart disease, hypocalcemia, persistent hypoglycemia, development of sepsis)
• Hypocalcemia (low calcium level detected in blood gas sample taken while establishing an intravenous line prior to nCPAP)