Effects of Standardized Boswellia Carterii Extract on Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and often debilitating gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits without identifiable structural pathology. Diagnosis relies primarily on symptom-based criteria and the exclusion of other conditions, with IBS defined as abdominal discomfort or pain associated with changes in bowel habits for at least three months. IBS is among the most frequently encountered gastrointestinal conditions in both primary and secondary care. Advances in research and updates from the British Society of Gastroenterology have re-framed IBS as a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) rather than a purely functional disorder, with over 40% of individuals worldwide estimated to meet diagnostic criteria for at least one DGBI during their lifetime. [1,2,4].Study Design and Setting

This quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess the effects of standardized Boswellia Cartteri extract on abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The study took place at the outpatient clinics of Mansoura University Hospitals.

Participant and Sampling

Inclusion criteria

Adult patients with moderate IBS were recruited through convenience sampling. Eligible participants were aged 18-39 years, literate, and reported bloating as their primary symptom. IBS diagnosis was confirmed according to Rome III and IV criteria, which require recurrent abdominal pain at least once weekly over the preceding three months, accompanied by changes in stool frequency, form, or defecation.

Exclusion criteria

included adherence to special diets (low-fat, lactose-free, gluten-free) within the past six months, food allergies (e.g., soy, nuts, seafood), insulin-dependent diabetes, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, prior major gastrointestinal surgery(colonic surgery, or cholecystectomy), Bloody diarrhea, hematochezia or melanic stools, recent antibiotic use, alarming gastrointestinal symptoms, severe renal or hepatic disease, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.

Sample Size A minimum of 60 participants was determined using G*Power software, accounting for a 30% dropout rate. The calculation assumed a significance level of 0.05, 95% statistical power, and a large effect size (0.8), based on prior studies examining the effects of Boswellia Cartter on abdominal bloating.( Kazemian, Yuan, Cochran, & Khoshnevis, 2017).

Data Collection Instruments

Four validated instruments were employed for data collection:

• Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Questionnaire A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on participants' age, gender, education, marital status, occupation, smoking habits, income, sleep adequacy, and other relevant lifestyle factors.
• Gastrointestinal Symptom Assessment (Rome III & IV) Gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated using an adapted Rome-based questionnaire, which assessed abdominal pain, bloating, stool frequency and form, bowel habit sub-type, and symptom relief following defecation. Responses were recorded as categorical or dichotomous variables. ( Lacy and Patel 2017) and Goodoory, V. C., Houghton, L. A., Yiannakou, Y., Black, C. J., & Ford, A. C. 2022).

Tool III: Abdominal bloatingand pain score questionnaire:

The researcher used this tool to assess patients' experience of bloating/uncomfortably full on a scale of none (no symptom), mild (does not interfere with activities), moderate (somewhat interferes with activities), and severe (renders usual activities impossible). The researcher adapted the tool from Lacy, Cangemi, Wise and Crowell (2021) The frequency of bloating was assessed by recording the number of days participants experienced bloating during the previous seven days, coded as an integer variable ranging from 0 to 7. Pain intensity was measured using a numerical rating scale (0-10), and additional details such as pain location, quality, and pattern were documented. It was measured using a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain) (Mujagic, et al.,2015; Karcioglu, Topacoglu, Dikme, & Dikme, 2018).

Tool V: quality of life assessment structured questionnaire The researcher used this tool to assess work absences, social life, sleep, and leisure activities, physical, psychological, and financial aspects. The researcher adapted the tool

Irritable bowel syndrome also imposes a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide, with significant direct and indirect costs reported across the United States, Europe, and Asia [1].

The pathophysiology of IBS is multi factorial, involving interactions among dietary factors, gut microbiota alterations, visceral hypersensitivity, immune dysregulation, and genetic predisposition. Contributions of these mechanisms may vary across populations due to cultural, geographic, and environmental differences. While IBS was historically considered functional, emerging evidence supports a biopsychosocial model emphasizing altered brain-gut communication, as reflected in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Recent studies highlight the role of low-grade inflammation and immune dysregulation in IBS pathogenesis. Bioactive triterpenoids from Boswellia carterii (frankincense) have been shown to regulate immune cell activity and inflammatory signaling pathways, including inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene synthesis, providing a biological rationale for their potential therapeutic effects in IBS. [5,6,7].

In addition, Boswellia-derived compounds have been demonstrated to inhibit leukotriene synthesis through suppression of 5-lipoxygenase activity, a key inflammatory pathway implicated in immune activation and tissue inflammation. Natural leukotriene inhibitors isolated from Boswellia have shown potent anti-inflammatory effects, supporting their relevance in inflammatory disorders. Given the emerging role of leukotriene-mediated low-grade inflammation in IBS pathophysiology, this mechanism offers further biological plausibility for symptom improvement associated with Boswellia supplementation [8].

Bloating, affecting over 90% of IBS patients, is among the most distressing symptoms and significantly reduces quality of life, contributing to psychological distress, impaired productivity, and social embarrassment. Overall, IBS negatively impacts daily functioning, occupational performance, and social participation. Despite its prevalence, challenges in diagnosis and treatment often delay effective management, and conventional pharmacological therapies primarily provide symptom relief, sometimes with limited efficacy or adverse effects. Consequently, many patients turn to complementary approaches, including dietary modifications and herbal therapies. Multidisciplinary management, incorporating physicians, nurses, dietitians, and psychologists, alongside patient education and self-management interventions, has been shown to improve symptom control and quality of life. [5,9,10,11].

Given the chronic nature of IBS, the limitations of current treatments, and growing interest in complementary therapies, investigating the effects of standardized Boswellia extract offers a promising avenue for adjunctive management of IBS.

Inclusion criteria

Adults diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to Rome III and Rome IV criteria Recurrent abdominal pain occurring at least once weekly during the preceding three months Presence of changes in stool frequency, stool form, or defecation associated with abdominal pain Participants reporting bloating as the primary symptom

Exclusion criteria

Adherence to special diets (low-fat, lactose-free, or gluten-free diets) within the past six months Food allergies such as soy, nuts, or seafood allergies Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Celiac disease Inflammatory bowel disease History of major gastrointestinal surgery, including colonic surgery or cholecystectomy Bloody diarrhea, hematochezia, or melena Recent antibiotic use Presence of alarming gastrointestinal symptoms Severe renal disease Severe hepatic disease Pregnancy Breastfeeding