Effects of Education and Telephone Support on Type 2 Diabetes Management

The level of diabetes self-management was assessed using the Diabetes Self-Management Scale. The scale evaluates participants' self-management behaviors across four sub-dimensions: glucose management, diet control, physical activity, and utilization of health services. A minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10 is obtained from the total scale and sub-dimensions. Higher scores indicating higher levels of diabetes self-management.

Treatment adherence was assessed using the Patient Adherence Scale for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment, a validated self-report instrument developed to evaluate adherence behaviors in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. The scale assesses multiple dimensions of attitude and emotional factors, knowledge and personal factors, lifestyle change, feelings of anger, feelings, and behaviours appropriate for adherence, diet bargaining and feelings of denial. The highest score obtained from the scale is 150 and the lowest score is 30. As the score obtained from the scale decreases, the individual's adherence to treatment increases.

Medication use self-efficacy was assessed using the Diabetes Medication Use Self-Efficacy Scale, a validated instrument measuring individuals' confidence in their ability to use diabetes medications despite potential barriers. The scale evaluates self-efficacy related to obligation, preoccupation, and anxiety associated with medication use. The lowest score in the scale is 19 and the highest score is 57. Higher scores indicate higher levels of medication use self-efficacy.

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in mmol/mol. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.

Total cholesterol in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.

Triglyceride in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.