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NCT Number: NCT07497685

Effects of Different Caffeine Forms on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performance

This study investigated the effects of different caffeine delivery forms on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in healthy adults. Participants completed experimental trials involving caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse conditions. Aerobic performance was assessed using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic test. The study used a randomized crossover design where each participant completed all experimental conditions.

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Key information

Conditions

Exercise Performance Physical Performance

Age range

18 year–25 year

Sex eligibility

Male

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Gaziantep University, Faculty of Sport Science (Athletic Performance Laboratory)

Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, 27310, Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Caffeine is widely used as an ergogenic aid to enhance athletic performance. Different forms of caffeine administration such as capsules, chewing gum, and mouth rinses may produce different physiological responses due to differences in absorption rate and oral receptor stimulation. However, limited research has directly compared these delivery methods within the same participants.

This randomized crossover study aimed to compare the effects of caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Fourteen healthy adults participated in the study and completed experimental trials under each caffeine condition. Aerobic performance was measured using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), while anaerobic performance was assessed using the Wingate anaerobic test. The results of this study may help clarify the effectiveness of different caffeine delivery forms for improving exercise performance.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Being a healthy male recreational athlete between the ages of 18-25.

Having at least 2 years of regular training history (3-4 days per week).

Being a non-smoker and having no chronic diseases or musculoskeletal injuries.

Willingness to abstain from caffeine, alcohol, and strenuous exercise 48 hours before each test session.

Exclusion criteria

  • Having a known allergy or sensitivity to caffeine.

Using any other performance-enhancing supplements during the study period.

Failure to adhere to the standardized nutritional or sleep requirements before testing.

Inability to complete all four experimental trials (Capsule, Gum, Rinse, Placebo).

Treatment and study plan

Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun

Other

This study evaluates the acute effects of three distinct caffeine delivery methods compared to a placebo, using a standardized total dose of 300 mg of caffeine across all active interventions. The study is a randomized, single-blind, counterbalanced crossover trial involving 14 recreational male athletes. The interventions are distinguished by their specific absorption kinetics and ecologically valid administration timings

Primary outcomes

  1. Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)

    Time frame: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention

    Description: Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).Metric: Milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)

  2. Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)

    Time frame: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention

    Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).

  3. Anaerobic Average Power

    Time frame: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention.

    The mean power output maintained over the duration of a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Gaziantep

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Counterbalanced Crossover Trial

Important dates

Study start
2024
Primary completion
2024
Study completion
2025
First posted
Mar 27, 2026
Registry last updated
Mar 27, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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