Effects of Anthocyanin on Skin Health and Markers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Inclusion criteria

• Female
• Upper age limit of 70 years
• Minimum of 1 year since last menstruation
• Not taking Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), and not having taken HRT for a minimum of 6 months prior to commencement
• Having no significant past or present medical history of: inflammatory conditions (including eczema, asthma, hay fever, IBS, crohn's disease and arthritis), diabetes, hepatic, renal, cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, haematological, neurological, thyroidal or psychiatric disease.
• Agreeing to restrict dietary intake of anthocyanin containing foodstuffs and also other foodstuffs considered to be cardio-protective i.e. red wine, total alcohol, oily fish, dark chocolate, tea and coffee.
• Agreeing to maintain existing cosmetic and beauty regime, and avoid 'tanning' (either naturally or synthetically) of the specific sites of skin function measurement during the study.
• BMI 20-32 kg/m2
• Successful biochemical, haematological and urinalysis assessment

Exclusion criteria

• allergy / sensitivity to local anaesthetic i.e. Xylocaïne
• Regular use of aspirin, or other anti-inflammatory pain relief medication, as prescribed by a doctor. [If subjects are regular self prescribed aspirin users and are willing to give up aspirin 2 months prior to the study and for the duration of the study they can be included.]
• Taking other counter indicative medication e.g. steroidal medication during the trial, or within 1 month of the trial beginning.
• Taking food / dietary supplements e.g. vitamins, minerals, fish oils, plant oils, isoflavones, soy products, carotenoids during the trial (unless prepared to cease intake during, and 1 month preceding the trial).
• Those on therapeutic diets or following weight-loss diet.
• Current smoker, or smoker in the past year
• Having vaccinations or antibiotics within 3 months of start of trial, and those with vaccinations scheduled for during the trial
• Parallel participation in another research project which involves dietary intervention and/or sampling of biological fluids/material
• Participation in another research project within the last four months unless the total amount of combined blood from both studies will not exceed 470ml.
• Those intending to travel during the study to locations where a change in skin colour may be anticipated
• Subjects intending to deliberately "sunbathe", use tanning solariums or tanning creams on body sites used for assessment.
• Assessed from the clinical screening
• abnormal renal function (Na >145mmol/L, K >5.0mmol/L, Urea >7.1mmol/L, Albumin >50g/L, Creatinine >125μmol/L, Total bilirubin >22μmol/L), or liver function (ALP >126 IU/L, ALT >50 IU/L), lipid profile (Total cholesterol > 6.5 mmol/l, TAG >3.0 mmol/l, HDL>2.0 mmol/l), anaemia (Haemoglobin <11.5g/dL), fasting glucose (> 6.1 mmol/l) or measurements considered to be counter indicative of the trial outcome measures.
• Untreated hypertension (>160/90mmHg) or hypotension (90/50mmHg or 95/50mmHg if symptomatic)
• BMI <19.5 or >32.5