Effects of a Biopsychosocial Approach Added to Physiotherapy in Temporomandibular Disorders

This randomized interventional study aims to investigate the effects of adding a biopsychosocial approach to physiotherapy in individuals with temporomandibular disorders. Temporomandibular disorders are multifactorial conditions influenced by physical, psychological, and social factors. While physiotherapy is effective in reducing pain and improving function, psychosocial factors such as stress, sleep disturbance, and bruxism may contribute to symptom persistence.

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group will receive a standardized physiotherapy program including therapeutic exercises and manual therapy targeting the temporomandibular joint and related musculoskeletal structures. The intervention group will receive the same physiotherapy program in addition to a biopsychosocial intervention consisting of pain neuroscience education, stress management strategies, and sleep hygiene education.

Outcome measures will include stress levels, sleep disturbance, and bruxism severity as primary outcomes, and pain intensity and jaw function as secondary outcomes. Assessments will be conducted at baseline and after the intervention period. This study is expected to provide evidence on the effectiveness of integrating a biopsychosocial approach into physiotherapy for temporomandibular disorders.

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders
• Age between 18 and 65 years
• Presence of stress, sleep disturbance, or bruxism symptoms
• Ability to understand and follow study instructions
• Willingness to participate and provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• History of temporomandibular joint surgery
• Presence of neurological, rheumatological, or systemic diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system
• Current orthodontic treatment
• Use of medications that may affect pain perception or sleep
• Pregnancy