Effectiveness of Foot Exercise People With Type 2 Diabetes

An instrument for determining sensitivity to pain produced by pressure.

The Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) Pain Scale evaluates sensory dysfunction and whether the pain is caused by neuropathic mechanisms or not. The LANSS comprises a 5-item questionnaire regarding pain symptoms and two items for clinical signs involving self-administered sensory tests for the presence of allodynia and decreased sensation to pinprick. Responses to each item are binary (yes or no) and each item is weighted differently depending on the odds ratio of a positive response to each item to predict that the pain is primarily neuropathic. The possible scores range from 0 to 24, with a score of 12 or greater considered to be suggestive of neuropathic pain

Participants are asked to mark the point where they feel their pain on a 10 centimeter (cm) horizontal line. 0-no pain, 10-unbearable pain. Night, activity and pain conditions are evaluated separately at rest.

The Hand-Held Dynamometer (formerly known as the Manual Muscle Tester) is an ergonomic hand-held device for objectively quantifying muscle strength.

A goniometer is a device used in physical therapy to measure the range of motion around a joint in the body.

Baseline Tactile Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments are designed to measure cutaneous sensory perception threshold of a patient.

Use a measuring tape to measure the circumference of your leg. Write down its circumference and repeat daily for a few days, using the same area on your the leg.

The 6-minute walk test is one of the functional exercise capacity assessment tests. In this test, participants are asked to walk as long as possible within 6 minutes in a 30 meter (m) corridor. When they feel fatigue or pain, they are advised to stop and rest when they feel ready to walk. At the end of 6 minutes, the total distance of the patients walking is recorded. Heart rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, O2 saturation, perceived fatigue and dyspnea levels are recorded before and after the test.

The two-point discrimination test is used to assess if the patient is able to identify two close points on a small area of skin, and how fine the ability to discriminate this are. It is a measure of tactile agnosia, or the inability to recognize these two points despite intact cutaneous sensation and proprioception.

The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) is a self-report outcome instrument developed to assess physical function for individuals with foot and ankle related impairments.

HbA1c (A1c or glycosylated hemoglobin) is widely used as the most important marker for routine monitoring of long term glycemic status in patients with diabetes.

The kidneys are responsible for keeping the level of creatinine in the blood within a normal range. The typical reference range for serum creatinine is 60 to 110 micromoles per liter (μmol/L) (0.7 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)) for men and 45 to 90 μmol/L (0.5 to 1.0 mg/dL) for women.

A normal albumin range is 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL. If you have a lower albumin level, you may have malnutrition. It can also mean that you have liver disease or an inflammatory disease. Higher albumin levels may be caused by acute infections, burns, and stress from surgery or a heart attack.