Effect of Dietary Fiber on Metabolic Syndrome, Gastrointestinal Function, Mood and Sleep Quality in Obese People

Body fat percentage was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; GE Lunar Prodigy 8743, Madison, WI, USA). The same experienced technician performed the analysis of the scan.

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including fasting glucose(mmol/L).

The Profile of Mood States, Revised (POMS-R) is an updated version of the original Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. It is a self-report tool used to assess a person's mood by measuring different dimensions of affective states, include:

• Tension
• Depression
• Anger
• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Vigor Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score=(Sum of negative mood scores)-Vigor score. Higher scores in the negative mood dimensions (T, D, A, F, C) indicate greater mood disturbances, while a higher score in Vigor-Activity reflects a more positive mood. The TMD score reflects overall mood disturbance, with higher TMD indicating more severe mood issues.

This scoring system helps provide a snapshot of a person's emotional state across various mood domains.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess sleep quality over a 1-month period. It includes 19 items grouped into seven components:

• Subjective sleep quality - An individual's perception of their sleep quality.
• Sleep latency - The amount of time it takes to fall asleep.
• Sleep duration - The total amount of sleep per night.
• Habitual sleep efficiency - The ratio of total sleep time to time spent in bed.
• Sleep disturbances - The frequency of waking up due to various factors (e.g., needing to use the bathroom, feeling too hot/cold, or being disturbed by noise).
• Use of sleep medication - The frequency and use of medication to help sleep.
• Daytime dysfunction - Difficulties staying awake during the day or performing daily activities due to poor sleep.

Each component is scored from 0 to 3, with a total score range of 0 to 21. A score above 5 indicates poor sleep quality.

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including fasting glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP), fasting insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG). Insulin was measured by us-ing electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) (Cobas e801, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany); glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by using an ion exchange resin composed of hydrophilic polymer of methacrylate ester copolymer (H

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP)(mg/L).

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including total cholesterol(mmol/L).

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including triglyceride (TG)(mmol/L).

Blood pressure will be measured from the non-dominant arm with a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron HEM-7121, Japan) in sitting position after at least 15 min of rest, including diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure.

Body height and weight will be measured on a stadiometer (Takei Scientific In-struments, Tokyo, Japan) and digital scale (TANITA WB-110MA, Tokyo, Japan) to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg without shoes and wearing light clothes. Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib margin, and hip circumference was assessed at the widest point around the buttocks. Based on the anthropometric metric measures, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and waist to hip ratio (WHR; waist/hip) were calculated.