Effect of Combined Resisted Training and Protein-based Diet on Frailty in Sarcopenic Elderly Women

The Biodex Balance System SD features five test protocols and six training modes, allowing for both testing and training in either static or dynamic formats. It is intended to be a system that can provide accurate Fall Risk Screening and conditioning for older adults, can be used as a balance assessment tool for concussion management, and can serve as weight-bearing assessment and training for lower extremity injuries.

The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36) is a very popular instrument for evaluating Health-Related Quality of Life. The SF-36 measures eight scales: physical functioning (PF), role physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role emotional (RE), and mental health (MH). Component analyses showed that there are two distinct concepts measured by the SF-36: a physical dimension, represented by the Physical Component Summary (PCS), and a mental dimension, represented by the Mental Component Summary (MCS). All raw responses must be converted to a scale of 0 to 100, where 100 represents the most favorable health state (absence of limitations) and 0 indicates the worst health state

The SARC-F questionnaire contains five self-reported items evaluating the hallmarks of sarcopenia, that is, functional deficits and falls. Each item has a possible score of 0 to 2 points, with higher scores suggesting a higher risk of sarcopenia. A total score of >3 is regarded as a positive screening result. Higher SARC-F scores have been shown to correlate with a slower chair rise, lower gait speed, overall lower SPPB scores, as well as adverse outcomes related to sarcopenia The SARC-F has a low-to-moderate sensitivity but high specificity, thus providing a well-suited screening test to identify individuals who are not at high risk of sarcopenia-related negative outcomes.

The Muscle Quality Index (MQI) is a performance-based functional assessment involving ten repetitions of the sit-to-stand maneuver performed as rapidly as possible. The test requires the use of a scale to record body mass, a tape measure to obtain leg length, along with a stopwatch and chair and for the timed functional task. The MQI score is calculated using the formula provided by Takai et al: ((leg length × 0.4) × body mass × gravity × 10)/sit-to-stand time.

Handgrip strength assessment will be assessed using a digital hand dynamometer. The participants held an ergonomic position to perform the test, sitting upright in a chair with a backrest but no armrests. The feet will be maintained on the floor with 90° knee flexion. The arm will be positioned with 90° elbow flexion and neutral forearm pronosupination. The subjects will receiveexplanation of the dynamometer. A single blinded instructor encouraged participants to produce their maximal HGS with their dominant hand. The best result of three attempts with a 1-min pause between will be documented in kilograms (kg).

The waist circumference will be measured at the narrowest point between the ribs and hips. The individual will stand with feet together and exhale gently. The measuring tape will be comfortably snug but will not press into the skin. The hip circumference will be measured at the widest part of the buttocks. The measuring tape is positioned parallel to the ground and encircled the hip bones.

Using body weight scale with height (m) scale to be able to calculate body mass index (kg) to all subject before starting the study BMI=(weight(kg))/(height2 (m2))