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Completed

NCT Number: NCT07257783

Effect of Buteyko Breathing Exercise Combined With Postural Stability Exercises on Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Young Adult Smokers

Background: Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for respiratory diseases, affecting both lung function and overall respiratory health. The harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke, contribute to airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and structural lung damage.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of Buteyko breathing exercise combined with postural stability exercises on maximal oxygen consumption, pulmonary functions, oxygen saturation, functional capacity, and perceived exertion in young adult smokers. Subjects and procedures: Forty male smokers were recruit-ed from Nahda university. Their age ranged between 18-30 years. They were randomly assigned into 2 groups equal in number. Study Group: They participated in 6 weeks training with Buteyko breathing exercise combined with postural stability exercises (3 sessions per week) Control group: They weren't exposed to any intervention. Both groups were assessed by using pulse oximeter to measure oxy-gen saturation, Spirostilk to measure pulmonary functions, Borg scale to measure perceived exertion and six-minute walk test to measure functional capacity and maximal oxygen consumption.

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Key information

Conditions

Smoking ( Cigarette) Behavior Cigarette Smoking Smoking Tobacco Smoking Tobacco Use

Age range

18 year–30 year

Sex eligibility

Male

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

faculty of physical therapy Nahda University

Banī Suwayf, Egypt

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Cigarette Smokers.
  • Smoking period from 3 to 7 years
  • They were medically stable.
  • Age between 18 to 30 years.
  • Male gender only was allowed to participate.
  • They had the ability to perform exercises.
  • Body mass index ranges from 21 to 25.

Exclusion criteria

  • Smokers diagnosed with any chronic disease or orthopedic problems.
  • Mental disorders.
  • Current intervention for cancer or active infection
  • Obese their BMI above 26 and athlete people
  • People who participated in any activity such as walking for long periods and swimming

Treatment and study plan

Buteyko breathing exercise combined with postural stability exercises

Other

BBE: The therapist instructs the patient to sit comfortably, breathing naturally through the nose. They should hold their breath until the need to inhale arises, then exhale through the nasal passage. The patient maintains a straight back with feet shoulder-width apart, eyes closed, breathing calmly. After 20-30 seconds, they repeat the exercises for 3 minutes, followed by another pause and repetition. This is done for another 3 minutes, ending with a 2-minute rest before the next session. Duration: 15 minutes. PSE :Warming up phase: shoulder circles and twist torso during walking for 5 minutes. Training phase include 10-15 reps per set, 2-4 sets per exercise,30-60 seconds rest period between sets. Cooling down phase includes hold each stretch for 15-30 seconds, 2-4 reps per per side and rest for 15-30 seconds between reps. Bridging Side-lying leg raise Wall push-ups Lateral trunk flexion Chin tuck Stretch pectoralis major muscle,upper trapezius & SCM All these for 3/week for 6 weeks

Primary outcomes

  1. maximal oxygen consumption

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks

    it is the highest rate at which the body can take in, transport, and utilize oxygen during intense exercise. It is considered a key indicator of cardiovascular fitness and endurance performance.

    Measured in: Milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min).

    it was calculated by estimated method from six minute walk test by this equation 12.701 + (0.06 × 6-minute walk distance m) - (0.732 × body mass indexkg/m2)

Secondary outcomes

  1. oxygen saturation

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks

    it refers to the percentage of hemoglobin molecules saturated with oxygen.Pulse oximetry is a simple, non-invasive, widely available medical tool that measures SpO2 through a device attached to a finger, a toe or an ear lobe.

  2. forced viral capacity

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks

    Spirometry was used to forced vital capacity (FVC)

  3. perceived rate of exertion

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks

    Measurement of PRE by Modified Borg scale It was used to rate how hard a person feels they are working from 0 to10 0 = No exertion at all & 10 = Maximal exertion

  4. Functional capacity

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks

    It was used to assess the cardiopulmonary fitness of the individuals. it is measured from 6-MWT

  5. the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 Second to forced vital capacity

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 week

    Spirometry: was used to assess the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 Second (FEV₁) to forced vital capacity (FEV₁ /FVC)

  6. forced expiratory volume in 1 Second

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 week

    Spirometry was used to assess forced expiratory volume in 1 Second (FEV₁)

  7. Maximum voluntary ventilation

    Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 week

    Spirometry was used to assess maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Yasmeen Alaa Abd El-Hamied Ahmeed

Other

Registry information

Acronym: BBE PSE VO2max

Important dates

Study start
2024
Primary completion
2024
Study completion
2025
First posted
Dec 2, 2025
Registry last updated
Dec 2, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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