This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. The estimated sample size was calculated using the G*Power 3.1.9.7 software. The calculation was based on parameters from a preliminary study on the effects of breathing exercises in hemodialysis patients. For the independent two-group t-test, an analysis was conducted assuming 95% power (1-β), a significance level of α=0.05, and a large effect size (d=0.80). As a result, it was determined that 35 participants were needed in each group, for a total of 70 participants. Taking potential dropouts into account, the study will begin with a total of 80 participants, and analyses will be conducted using data from at least 70 participants who have completed the follow-up.
Inclusion criteria
Age between 18 and 85 years.Receiving hemodialysis treatment three times per week.Literate (able to read and write).No hearing impairment.Native Turkish speaker.On hemodialysis for at least 6 months.Baseline pain score >3 on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).Willing to listen to music.
Exclusion criteria
Presence of a psychological disorder.Communication problems.Diagnosis of cancer.Unwillingness to participate in the study.
Intervention Group Protocol:
Participants in the experimental group will be taught a standardized intervention program consisting solely of the 4-7-8 breathing technique, to be performed before and during AVF cannulation. The program will be implemented during every hemodialysis session for one week (three times a week). The technique will be explained in person by a research nurse before the first session, and patients will be provided with a short instructional video demonstrating the technique step by step. The video will be sent to patients' smartphones to encourage them to practice at home.
4-7-8 Breathing Technique Implementation Protocol (During Cannulation):
During AVF cannulation, while the patient is sitting or lying down in a comfortable position, the following protocol will be followed:
- Pre-Procedure Preparation: Immediately before needle insertion, the research nurse will instruct the patient to begin the breathing exercise.
- Simultaneous Application: While the cannulation procedure (skin cleansing, needle insertion) is ongoing, the patient will perform the following cycle:
- 4 seconds: Take a slow, deep breath through the nose.
- 7 seconds: Hold the breath.
- 8 seconds: Exhale slowly and completely through the mouth, pursing the lips slightly.
- Number of Repetitions: This cycle will be repeated 5-6 times in succession to cover the duration of the cannulation procedure. The total duration of the exercise will be approximately 2-3 minutes.
Assessment:
Immediately after the cannulation procedure and breathing exercise are completed, the patient will be asked to rate the intensity of their pain on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain). This assessment will be repeated after each cannulation session throughout the four-week intervention period.
