Eastern Principles Acceptance and Commitment Therapy For Injury Prevention Among Nurses and Nursing Aides

Primary outcomes

1. Organizational and Work Characteristics Associated with Injury

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   The Risk for Nursing Aide Injury Inventory (RNAII) contains 6 items measuring demographic variables, 9 items measuring job characteristics (e.g., tenure, hours per week, hours per shift, etc.) and 120 items assessing individual and organizational characteristics (e.g., staffing, space, training, physical environment characteristics, organizational constraints, incivility, family-work conflict, lifting device availability, organizational safety climate, supervisor relationships, and worker respect).

2. Exposure to Violence

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   The Workplace Violence Tool is used to measure exposure to assault and abuse of NNAs. The workplace violence tool consists of 7 items that assess the occurrence of: (a) threat of assault, (b) emotional abuse (e.g., hurtful remarks), (c) physical abuse (e.g., spit, kick, punch), (d) verbal sexual harassment, (e) sexual assault (e.g., touching, groping), and (f) forced sexual intercourse. Bostrom et al. (2011) modified the original measure to include information about the source of assault or abuse (resident, family member, coworker, other).

3. Work-related Injuries and Days Missed Due to Injury

   Time frame: Measured at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months

   The National Nursing Assistant Survey (NNAS) will be used to measure NNA injuries. The NNAS was developed by the Centers for Disease Control (Squillace, et al., 2007). The NNAS contains 6 items assessing musculoskeletal injuries, strains and muscle pulls, bites, scratches, wounds, cuts, bruising, and other types of injuries. Additionally, the NNAS measures the type of injury, cause of injury, days unable to work due to injury, and restricted activity due to injury.

4. Musculoskeletal Symptoms

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   Musculoskeletal symptoms will be measured a scale developed by Kuorinka et al. (1987). This scale asks participants how often they experienced any of 9 common musculoskeletal complaints, on a scale from "never" to "very often." The 9 complaints included in this scale adequately represent the musculoskeletal symptoms identified in our prior research with nursing aides (O'Brien et al., 2019a).

5. Burnout

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (Kristensen, et al., 2005) will be used to measure burnout. The 18 items on the inventory form three subscales: personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout. The scale has demonstrated strong reliability, consistency, and validity in prior research investigations.

6. Acceptance, present-moment awareness, self-as-context, defusion, values, and committed action

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   The Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) is a 60-item measure that was developed by Rolffs et al., (2018). The MPFI includes six subscales that measure psychological flexibility: acceptance, defusion, values, committed action, present-moment-awareness, self-as-context, and experiential avoidance. Six other subscales represent psychological inflexibility: experiential avoidance, fusion, lack of values, inaction, noncontact with the present moment, and self-as-content.

7. Self-compassion and other compassion

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a 26 item self-report measure that was developed by Neff (2003) to measure the extent to which a person may report a perspective towards the suffering of self that reflects kindness versus judgement, common humanity versus isolation, and mindfulness versus overidentification.

   The SCS yields 6 subscales: Self-Kindness, Common Humanity, Mindfulness, Self-Judgement, Isolation, and Over-Identified. The Compassion scale (CS) is a 16-item inventory measuring compassion for others. It has four subscales: kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and lessened indifference.

8. Ubiquity of suffering, impermanence, common humanity, nonattachment to self.

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   The Mindfulness Insight Scale (MIS) is a 16-item measure that assesses the three characteristics of existence (inevitability of suffering, impermanence, and nonself-attachment/interconnectedness) from an Eastern and Buddhist perspective. Each item (e.g., "No living creature can escape suffering," "With or without noticing, change constantly occurs to everything," "I try not to get caught up in "Who I am.") is rated from 1 (very untrue) to 5 (very true).

9. High Frequency Heart Rate Variability (HF-HRV)

   Time frame: Measured at baseline (pretreatment), 1 month, and 3 months

   Resting HF-HRV levels will be collected from participants at their worksites. The resting HF-HRV will be recorded across a 10-minute interval while the participants are seated comfortably in a private room at each site. ECG data will be collected with a Biopac MP150 interfaced with Biopac Acqknowledge 4.3 software. ECG electrodes will be attached to participants using a lead II configuration. The ECG signal will be sampled at a rate of 1000Hz, which exceeds the minimum recommended sampling rate of 500Hz (Allen, et al., 2007). Once recorded, ECG signals will be replayed and visually inspected by researchers to detect and remove artifacts. The cleaned ECG data will then be analyzed using Kubios software (Tarvainen, et al., 2014).