Donor Stem Cell Transplant or Bone Marrow Transplant in Treating Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Remission

OBJECTIVES:

Primary

• Evaluate the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from a HLA-matched sibling donor, HLA-matched unrelated donor, or HLA-mismatched familial donor, in terms of the frequency of relapse and duration of remission, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who have either achieved complete remission (CR1) after induction chemotherapy or who experienced recurrent AML then achieved second CR (CR2) after salvage chemotherapy.

Secondary

• Determine the engraftment, donor chimerism, and secondary graft failure in these patients.
• Assess acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease, immune recovery, and infections in these patients.
• Determine transplantation-related mortality, leukemia-free survival, and overall survival of these patients.

OUTLINE:

• Conditioning chemotherapy and allogeneic bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT): After completion of induction chemotherapy and a resulting complete response (CR1) or salvage chemotherapy resulting in CR2, patients receive 1 of the following conditioning regimens and transplantations determined by age, co-morbidity, and type of available donor:

• 15 to 55 years of age without significant co-morbidity* undergoing HLA-matched sibling bone marrow transplantation (BMT) (BuCy conditioning): Patients receive busulfan IV once daily on days -7 to -4 and cyclophosphamide IV over 1-2 hours once daily on days -3 and -2. Patients then undergo an allogeneic BMT on day 0.
• Older than 55 years or younger than 55 years with co-morbidity* undergoing HLA-matched sibling BMT; patients of any age undergoing HLA-matched unrelated HSCT; and for patients of any age undergoing HLA-mismatched familial donor HSCT (BuFluATG conditioning): Patients receive busulfan IV once daily on days -7 and -6, fludarabine phosphate IV over 30 minutes once daily on days -7 to -2, anti-thymocyte globulin IV over 4 hours once daily on days -3 to -1, and methylprednisolone IV over 30 minutes once daily on days -4 to -1. Patients then undergo either an allogeneic BMT on day 0 or allogeneic peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell infusions on days 0-1 or 0-2.

NOTE: *Significant co-morbidity is defined as residual fungal or other infections in the lung or other viscera and residual organ toxicities occurring during induction or consolidation chemotherapy.

• GVHD prophylaxis: Patients receive cyclosporine orally or IV over 2-4 hours twice daily beginning on day -1 followed by a taper starting on day 30 (BuFluATG conditioning) or day 60 (BuCy conditioning). Patients also receive methotrexate IV on days 1, 3, and 6 after the last day of donor cell infusion.
• CNS prophylaxis: Patients receive intrathecal (IT) methotrexate once before conditioning regimen. Patients receive IT methotrexate once every 2 weeks for 3 times after transplantation and platelet recovery. Patients also receive leucovorin calcium orally or IV over 4 hours after IT methotrexate and then once every 6 hours for a total of 8 doses after each dose of IT methotrexate.

After completion of study therapy, patients are followed every 3 months for 3 years and then annually.

DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

• Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) meeting 1 of the following criteria:

• Achieved complete response (CR1) after induction chemotherapy
• Recurrent AML that went into second CR (CR2) after salvage chemotherapy, except those who have undergone prior allogeneic HSCT
• No acute promyelocytic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia with chromosomal changes t(8;21), inv 16, or t(15;17)
• Must have a donor available meeting one of the following criteria:

• HLA-matched sibling of 65 years or younger
• 6/6 HLA-matched unrelated donor (younger than 55 years) for antigen A, B, and DR
• HLA-mismatched family member (offspring, parents, haploidentical sibling)

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

• Karnofsky performance status 70-100%
• Bilirubin < 2.0 mg/dL
• AST < 3 times the upper limit of normal
• Creatinine < 2.0 mg/dL
• Ejection fraction > 40% on MUGA scan
• Negative pregnancy test

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

• See Disease Characteristics