Discovery of New Cancer in the 1-year Follow-up After Ischemic Stroke in Patients at Risk: The INVISIBLE-1 Study

INVISIBLE-1 is the first prospective study conducting a 1-year post-stroke follow-up telephone interview in preselected stroke patients at high-risk for occult cancer.

INVISIBLE-1 aims to:

• Prospectively determine the cumulative incidence of occult cancer in patients with elevated D-dimer and ESUS within 1 year after the ischemic stroke
• Describe occult cancer characteristics and spontaneous course of occult cancer

Hypothesis

Elevated D-dimer and suspicion of ESUS at admission may predict an underlying unknown cancer at the time of index stroke. The investigators hypothesize that the cumulative incidence of newly diagnosed cancer within 1 year after stroke reaches 15% in patients presenting these characteristics. This percentage is higher than the 10% currently known according to available retrospective studies.

Project design

To ensure the recruitment of the majority of potential occult cancer patients, the investigators set the D-dimer cut-off for inclusion of ≥ 820 μg/L at admission, based on our intern retrospective analyses of 1001 patients (OCCULT-5 score). In patients with ESUS, this cut-off was associated with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 56% for the presence of an occult cancer diagnosed within 1 year after the index-stroke.

As suggested by the current evidence, the investigators decided to set the limit for diagnosis of new cancer at 1 year after the index stroke. Beyond this period, the causality is questionable in our opinion.

Inclusion criteria

• Informed consent as documented by signature from patient or next of kin
• Age ≥ 18 years old
• Acute ischemic stroke with symptom onset within 48 h before admission
• Acute ischemic stroke with:

• persistent signs and symptoms of stroke lasting for ≥ 24 hours OR
• acute brain infarction documented by computer tomography (CT) or MRI
• D-dimer ≥ 820 μg/L measured after symptom-onset and within 24h after admission
• Embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS)* after initial work-up (acute cerebral imaging, 12-lead electrocardiogram, cardiac monitoring for at least 24h and echocardiography)

Exclusion criteria

• Active cancer** known at time of index-stroke
• Intravenous Thrombolysis administrated prior to D-dimer measurement: Use of external laboratory value possible if available
• New diagnosis of central nervous system cancer
• Patient or next of kin (in case of lacking capacity) unlikely to be compliant or available for study follow-up interview

ESUS*: According to the definition from the NAVIGATE ESUS randomized trial: Non-lacunar ischemic stroke occurring in a patient in whom investigations did not show another specifically treatable underlying stroke etiology, primarily >50% stenosis in a proximal extracranial or intracranial artery, atrial fibrillation, other major-risk cardioembolic sources, or other determined etiology.

Active Cancer**: According to the definition from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis: Cancer diagnosed within the previous six months, recurrent, regionally advanced or metastatic cancer, cancer for which treatment had been administered within six months, or hematological malignancy that is not in complete remission for more than 5 years.

► Patients with history of cancer not meeting these criteria anymore can be included in the study.