Cycling-Based Priming Coordination Training for Enhancing Ataxia Recovery and Brain Plasticity

The sum of reaction time and movement time, providing a complete measure of the time taken from the stimulus presentation to the completion of the response. Unit: Second(s)

The total proportion of incorrect responses across a testing session or series of tasks.

MEPs are the electrical responses recorded from muscles following stimulation of the motor cortex. They reflect the efficiency of neural transmission from the cortex to the muscle. Unit: millivolts (mV).

ICF is measured by applying a pair of TMS pulses with a short interval (e.g., 8-15 ms) where the first (subthreshold) pulse is followed by a second (suprathreshold) pulse, leading to an increased amplitude of the MEP.

ICI is measured similarly to ICF but with a shorter inter-stimulus interval (e.g., 1-5 ms), resulting in a suppressed MEP amplitude. This suppression reflects inhibitory processes within the cortex.

To objectively assess ataxia severity across various domains of motor function including gait, stance, sitting, speech disturbance, finger chase, nose-finger test, fast alternating hand movements, and heel-shin slide. Each item is scored individually with a scale that typically ranges from 0 (no ataxia) to a maximum score that depends on the severity and the aspect of ataxia being assessed. The total score ranges from 0 (no ataxia) to 40 (most severe ataxia).

To measure an individual's balance abilities through various tasks that mimic daily activities, assessing the risk of falls and overall balance proficiency. The BBS consists of 14 items that evaluate a range of functions including sitting to standing, standing unsupported, transferring, turning to look behind, picking up an object from the floor, and standing on one leg. Each task is rated on a scale from 0 (unable) to 4 (independent), with the total score ranging from 0 to 56. A higher total score indicates better balance and lower fall risk. Scores below 45 are generally indicative of increased fall risk.

The time, in seconds, it takes for a participant to complete the TUG test from the initial sitting position to returning to the seated position. An older adult who takes ≥12 seconds to complete the TUG is at risk for falling.

The time taken by participants to walk a standardized distance, typically expressed in centimeters per second (cm/s).

The linear distance between the two ankles, typically expressed in centimeter(cm).

The duration taken for one complete step, measuring from foot-off of one foot to the next foot-off of the same foot, usually expressed in seconds.

The MFI is a 20-item self-report questionnaire used to measure five dimensions of fatigue: general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced activity, and reduced motivation. Each dimension is scored separately, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue

The PSQI is a 19-item self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month period. It generates a global score ranging from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality. The PSQI includes seven components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction.

The 10MWT is a performance-based measure used to assess walking speed over a short distance. Participants will be instructed to walk 10 meters at their comfortable and/or fastest walking speed. The time taken to walk the central 6 meters is recorded to eliminate acceleration and deceleration effects, and gait speed is calculated as meters per second (m/s).

The portion of the gait cycle where both feet are in contact with the ground, indicating the transition phase between steps, expressed as a percentage of the gait cycle or in seconds.

The duration within the gait cycle when only one foot is in contact with the ground, typically measured in seconds or as a percentage of the total gait cycle.

The portion of the gait cycle where the foot is not in contact with the ground, moving forward to the next step. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the total gait cycle or in seconds.

The portion of the gait cycle when the foot is in contact with the ground, supporting body weight. It's typically expressed as a percentage of the total gait cycle or in seconds

The number of steps an individual takes per minute, providing an overview of gait speed and rhythm, , expressed as steps per minute.