Contrast-induced Nephropathy: Incidence,Risk Factors,Effective Prevention and Management Method

About ten thousand patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from 2010 to 2015 are included in this study. We collect the data about the SCr of the patients before and after percutaneous coronary intervention, and define CIN as an increase in SCr of 0.5 mg/dl or 25% from baseline between 48 and 72 h after contrast medium exposure. Besides we obtain the data including clinical characteristics, laboratory data (blood and urine tests) for all the patients. The statistical analysis will find some new risk factors.

Inclusion criteria

• congestive heart failure: objective evidences for decreased left ventricular eject fraction (LVEF) <= 50%;
• moderate to severe chronic kidney disease was defined as an eGFR 15 to 59 mL/min per 1.73 m2, calculated via the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation from SCr obtained within 72 hours of enrollment;
• patients were scheduled to undergo diagnostic cardiac angiography or percutaneous coronary interventions.

Exclusion criteria

• hemodialysis-dependent patients;
• complicated with severe short-term progressive disease;
• Patients < 18 years;
• pregnancy;
• emergency cardiac catheterisation (eg, primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction);
• exposure to radiographic contrast media within the previous 7 days;
• acute decompensated heart failure.