Computer-Based Weight Maintenance in Primary Care

MAINTAIN-pc (Maintaining Activity and Nutrition through Technology-Assisted Innovation in Primary Care) was a randomized trial conducted in coordination with practices affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC). Participants were recruited between October 2013 and February 2015, and follow-up was completed in March 2017. The University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board approved the study, and all participants provided written informed consent.

Participants were randomly assigned to EHR tools (tracking group) versus EHR tools plus coaching (coaching group). The EHR tools included weight, diet, and physical activity tracking flow sheets; standardized surveys; and reminders. Participants in the coaching group received 2 years of personalized health coaching through the EHR patient portal. Three study coaches had backgrounds in nursing, nutrition, and exercise physiology. The other 2 received EHR training, and all received training on the study protocol. Participants were assigned to a specific coach, who contacted the participants via the EHR weekly for 1 month, biweekly in months 2 to 6, monthly in months 7 to 12, and quarterly in months 13 to 24, for a total of 24 scheduled contacts. Coaching group participants received brief questionnaires relevant to weight management, including a text field where they could discuss questions or barriers. On the basis of participant responses and self-monitoring data in the EHR flow sheets, coaches wrote a brief personalized note with advice on questionnaire topics and responses to any queries or barriers mentioned by the participant. Coaching participants who did not complete questionnaires or log information into the flow sheet for 2 weeks were considered inactive and were contacted by telephone or e-mail and invited to reengage at any time. Coaching participants were able to send secure messages to the coach. Tracking group participants received questionnaires related to general health promotion (for example, vaccines) each quarter but received no feedback on questionnaire responses or flow sheet entries.

Referring PCPs of coaching group participants received regular support, including real-time progress reports with counseling tips delivered via the EHR, notification of weight change in increments of at least 10 pounds, and annual progress reports at 12 and 24 months. The progress reports were developed using feedback from PCPs and consisted of a 1-page summary of participant weight (current, trajectory, and goal), status in the program (active or inactive), use of study flow sheets (with data if available), and brief subjective comments from the coach. Reports were delivered to the PCP via the EHR within 48 hours before scheduled office visits. An electronic copy was also sent to the participant. Referring PCPs of tracking group participants received annual progress reports at 12 and 24 months. Information about the development of the intervention and the coaching protocol has been published previously

The trial was initially designed to be a 36-month intervention, with the primary outcome defined as weight change at 36 months. Delays in EHR build and recruitment resulted in a decision after enrollment was completed to shorten the intervention to 24 months, with 24-month weight change as the revised primary outcome. In addition, we added an exploratory 30-month weight outcome to assess the duration of effect after the intervention ended. An updated institutional review board protocol (with revised consent) was approved on 25 September 2015. These changes were made before any data were analyzed.

In the result section, we are reporting all pre-specified outcomes unintentionally omitted in the original ClinicalTrials submission.

Eligibility criteria included age 18 to 75 years, body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or higher, intentional weight loss of at least 5% in the previous 2 years, access to an Internet-connected computer, and receipt of outpatient care from a UPMC PCP.

Exclusion criteria

included a medical explanation for recent weight loss (for example, cancer), active preparation for bariatric surgery, bariatric surgery in the previous 5 years, or pregnancy.